管子 — Volume 01 : Chapters 1-5
Date: 2005-02-02T00:00:00+00:00
Keywords: Philosophy; Chinese; Chinese classics

The Project Gutenberg eBook of 管子 — Volume 01 : Chapters 1-5

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Title: 管子 — Volume 01 : Chapters 1-5

Author: Zhong Guan

Release date: February 1, 2005 [eBook #7483]
Most recently updated: December 30, 2020

Language: Chinese

Credits: Produced by Ni-Yen Wu

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 管子 — VOLUME 01 : CHAPTERS 1-5 ***

Produced by Ni-Yen Wu

牧民第一

凡有地牧民者，務在四時，守在倉廩。國多財，則遠者來，地辟舉，則民留處；倉廩實，則知禮節；衣食足，則知榮辱；上服度，則六親固。四維張，則君令行。故省刑之要，在禁文巧，守國之度，在飾四維，順民之經，在明鬼神，祇山川，敬宗廟，恭祖舊。不務天時，則財不生；不務地利，則倉廩不盈；野蕪曠，則民乃菅，上無量，則民乃妄。文巧不禁，則民乃淫，不璋兩原，則刑乃繁。不明鬼神，則陋民不悟；不祇山川，則威令不聞；不敬宗廟，則民乃上校；不恭祖舊，則孝悌不備；四維不張，國乃滅亡。

右國頌

國有四維，一維絕則傾，二維絕則危，三維絕則覆，四維絕則滅。傾可正也，危可安也，覆可起也，滅不可復錯也。何謂四維？一曰禮、二曰義、三曰廉、四曰恥。禮不踰節，義不自進。廉不蔽惡，恥不從枉。故不踰節，則上位安；不自進，則民無巧軸；不蔽惡，則行自全；不從枉，則邪事不生。

右四維

政之所興，在順民心。政之所廢，在逆民心。民惡憂勞，我佚樂之。民惡貧賤，我富貴之，民惡危墜，我存安之。民惡滅絕，我生育之。能佚樂之，則民為之憂勞。能富貴之，則民為之貧賤。能存安之，則民為之危墜。能生育之，則民為之滅絕。故刑罰不足以畏其意，殺戮不足以服其心。故刑罰繁而意不恐，則令不行矣。殺戮眾而心不服，則上位危矣。故從其四欲，則遠者自親；行其四惡，則近者叛之，故知「予之為取者，政之寶也」。

右四順

錯國於不傾之地，積於不涸之倉，藏於不竭之府，下令於流水之原，使民於不爭之官，明必死之路，開必得之門。不為不可成，不求不可得，不處不可久，不行不可復。錯國於不傾之地者，授有德也；積於不涸之倉者，務五穀也；藏於不竭之府者，養桑麻育六畜也；下令於流水之原者，令順民心也；使民於不爭之官者，使各為其所長也；明必死之路者，嚴刑罰也；開必得之門者，信慶賞也；不為不可成者，量民力也；不求不可得者，不彊民以其所惡也；不處不可久者，不偷取一世也；不行不可復者，不欺其民也；故授有德，則國安；務五穀，則食足；養桑麻，育六畜，則民富；令順民心，則威令行；使民各為其所長，則用備；嚴刑罰，則民遠邪；信慶賞，則民輕難；量民力，則事無不成；不彊民以其所惡，則軸偽不生；不偷取一世，則民無怨心；不欺其民，則下親其上。

右士經

以家為鄉，鄉不可為也。以鄉為國，國不可為也。以國為天下，天下不可為也。以家為家，以鄉為鄉，以國為國，以天下為天下。毋曰不同生，遠者不聽。毋曰不同鄉，遠者不行。毋曰不同國，遠者不從。如地如天，何私何親？如月如日，唯君之節。御民之轡，在上之所貴。道民之門，在上之所先。召民之路，在上之所好惡。故君求之，則臣得之。君嗜之，則臣食之。君好之，則臣服之。君惡之，則臣匿之。毋蔽汝惡，毋異汝度，賢者將不汝助。言室滿室，言堂滿堂，是謂聖王。城郭溝渠，不足以固守；兵甲彊力，不足以應敵；博地多財，不足以有眾。惟有道者，能備患於未形也，故禍不萌。天下不患無臣，患無君以使之。天下不患無財，患無人以分之。故知時者，可立以為長。無私者，可置以為政。審於時而察於用，而能備官者，可奉以為君也。緩者後於事。吝於財者失所親，信小人者失士。

右六親五法

形勢第二

山高而不崩，則祈羊至矣；淵深而不涸，則沈玉極矣，天不變其常，地不易其則，春秋冬夏，不更其節，古今一也。蛟龍得水，而神可立也；虎豹得幽，而威可載也。風雨無鄉，而怨怒不及也。貴有以行令，賤有以忘卑，壽夭貧富，無徒歸也。銜命者，君之尊也。受辭者，名之鉉也。上無事，則民自試。抱蜀不言，而廟堂既修。檻鵠鏘鏘，唯民歌之。濟濟多士，殷民化之，紂之失也。飛蓬之問，不在所賓；燕雀之集，道行不顧。犧牷圭璧，不足以饗鬼神。主功有素，寶幣奚為？羿之道，非射也；造父之術，非馭也；奚仲之巧，非斲削也。召遠者使無為焉，親近者言無事焉，唯夜行者獨有也。平原之隰，奚有於高？大山之隈，奚有於深？訾讆之人，勿與任大。譕臣者可以遠舉。顧憂者可與致道。其計也速而憂在近者，往而勿召也舉長者可遠見也；裁大者眾之所比也。美人之懷，定服而勿厭也。必得之事，不足賴也；必諾之言，不足信也。小謹者不大立，訾食者不肥體；有無棄之言者，必參於天地也。墜岸三仞，人之所大難也，而猿猱飲焉，故曰伐矜好專，舉事之禍也。不行其野，不違其馬；能予而無取者，天地之配也。怠倦者不及，無廣者疑神，神者在內，不及者在門，在內者將假，在門者將待。曙戒勿怠，後稚逢殃。朝忘其事，夕失其功。邪氣入內，正色乃衰。君不君，則臣不臣。父不父，則子不子。上失其位，則下踰其節。上下不和，令乃不行。衣冠不正，則賓者不肅；進退無儀，則政令不行。且懷且威，則君道備矣。莫樂之，則莫哀之。莫生之，則莫死之。往者不至，來者不極。道之所言者一也，而用之者異。有聞道而好為家者，一家之人也；有聞道而好為鄉者，一鄉之人也；有聞道而好為國者，一國之人也；有聞道而好為天下者，天下之人也；有聞道而好定萬物者，天下之配也。道往者，其人莫來；道來者，其人莫往；道之所設，身之化也。持滿者與天，安危者與人。失天之度，雖滿必涸。上下不和，雖安必危。欲王天下，而失天之道，天下不可得而王也。得天之道。其事若自然。失天之道，雖立不安。其道既得，莫知其為之。其功既成，莫知其釋之。藏之無刑，天之道也。疑今者，察之古不知來者，視之往，萬事之生也，異趣而同歸，古今一也。生棟覆屋。怨怒不及；弱子下瓦，慈母操箠。天道之極，遠者自親。人事之起，近親造怨。萬物之於人也，無私近也，無私遠也；巧者有餘，而拙者不足；其功順天者天助之，其功逆天者天違之；天之所助，雖小必大；天之所違，雖成必敗；順天者有其功，逆天者懷其凶，不可復振也。烏鳥之狡，雖善不親。不重之結，雖固必解；道之用也，貴其重也。毋與不可，毋彊不能，毋告不知；與不可，彊不能，告不知，謂之勞而無功。見與之交，幾於不親；見哀之役，幾於不結；見施之德，幾於不報；四方所歸，心行者也。獨王之國，勞而多禍；獨國之君，卑而不威；自媒之女，醜而不信，未之見而親焉，可以往矣；久而不忘焉，可以來矣。日月不明，天不易也；山高而不見，地不易也。言而不可復者，君不言也；行而不可再者，君不行也。凡言而不可復，行而不可再者，有國者之大禁也。

權修第三

萬乘之國，兵不可以無主，土地博大，野不可以無吏，百姓殷眾，官不可以無長，操民之命，朝不可以無政。地博而國貧者，野不辟也，民眾而兵弱者，民無取也。故末產不禁，則野不辟。賞罰不信，則民無取。野不辟，民無取，外不可以應敵，內不可以固守，故曰有萬乘之號，而無千乘之用，而求權之無輕，不可得也。地辟而國貧者，舟輿飾，臺榭廣也。賞罰信而兵弱者，輕用眾，使民勞也。舟車飾，臺榭廣，則賦斂厚矣。輕用眾，使民勞，則民力竭矣。賦斂厚，則下怨上矣。民力竭，則令不行矣。下怨上，令不行，而求敵之勿謀己，不可得也。欲為天下者，必重用其國，欲為其國者，必重用其民，欲為其民者，必重盡其民力。無以畜之，則往而不可止也；無以牧之，則處而不可使也；遠人至而不去，則有以畜之也。民眾而可一，則有以牧之也。見其可也，喜之有徵。見其不可也，惡之有刑。賞罰信於其所見，雖其所不見，其敢為之乎？見其可也，喜之無徵；見其不可也，惡之無刑；賞罰不信於其所見，而求其所不見之為之化，不可得也。厚愛利，足以親之。明智禮，足以教之。上身服以先之。審度量以閑之。鄉置師以說道之，然後申之以憲令，勸之以慶賞，振之以刑罰，故百姓皆說為善，則暴亂之行無由至矣。地之生財有時，民之用力有倦，而人君之欲無窮，以有時與有倦，養無窮之君，而度量不生於其間，則上下相疾也。是以臣有殺其君，子有殺其父者矣。故取於民有度，用之有止，國雖小必安；取於民無度，用之不止，國雖大必危。地之不辟者，非吾地也。民之不牧者，非吾民也。凡牧民者。以其所積者食之。不可不審也。其積多者其食多，其積寡者其食寡，無積者不食。或有積而不食者，則民離上；有積多而食寡者，則民不力；有積寡而食多者，則民多軸；有無積而徒食者，則民偷幸；故離上不力，多軸偷幸，舉事不成，應敵不用。故曰：察能授官，班祿賜予，使民之機也。野與市爭民。家與府爭貨，金與粟爭貴，鄉與朝爭治；故野不積草，農事先也；府不積貨，藏於民也；市不成肆，家用足也；朝不合眾，鄉分治也。故野不積草，府不積貨，市不成肆。朝不合眾，治之至也。人情不二，故民情可得而御也。審其所好惡，則其長短可知也；觀其交游，則其賢不肖可察也；二者不失，則民能可得而官也。地之守在城，城之守在兵，兵之守在人，人之守在粟；故地不辟，則城不固。有身不治，奚待於人？有人不治，奚待於家？有家不治，奚待於鄉？有鄉不治，奚待於國？有國不治，奚待於天下？天下者，國之本也；國者，鄉之本也；鄉者，家之本也；家者，人之本也；人者，身之本也；身者，治之本也。故上不好本事，則末產不禁；末產不禁，則民緩於時事而輕地利；輕地利，而求田野之辟，倉廩之實，不可得也。商賈在朝，則貨財上流；婦言人事，則賞罰不信；男女無別，則民無廉恥；貨財上流，賞罰不信，民無廉恥，而求百姓之安難，兵士之死節，不可得也。朝廷不肅，貴賤不明，長幼不分，度量不審，衣服無等，上下淩節，而求百姓之尊主政令，不可得也。上好軸謀閒欺，臣下賦斂競得，使民偷壹，則百姓疾怨，而求下之親上，不可得也。有地不務本事，君國不能壹民，而求宗廟社稷之無危，不可得也。上恃龜筮，好用巫醫，則鬼神驟祟；故功之不立，名之不章，為之患者三：有獨王者、有貧賤者、有日不足者。一年之計，莫如樹穀；十年之計，莫如樹木；終身之計，莫如樹人。一樹一穫者，穀也；一樹十穫者，木也；一樹百穫者，人也。我苟種之，如神用之，舉事如神，唯王之門。凡牧民者，使士無邪行，女無淫事。士無邪行，教也。女無淫事，訓也。教訓成俗，而刑罰省，數也。凡牧民者，欲民之正也；欲民之正，則微邪不可不禁也；微邪者，大邪之所生也；微邪不禁，而求大邪之無傷國，不可得也。凡牧民者，欲民之有禮也；欲民之有禮，則小禮不可不謹也；小禮不謹於國，而求百姓之行大禮，不可得也。凡牧民者，欲民之有義也；欲民之有義，則小義不可不行；小義不行於國，而求百姓之行大義，不可得也。凡牧民者，欲民之有廉也；欲民之有廉，則小廉不可不修也；小廉不修於國，而求百姓之行大廉，不可得也。凡牧民者，欲民之有恥也，欲民之有恥，則小恥不可不飾也。小恥不飾於國，而求百姓之行大恥，不可得也。凡牧民者，欲民之修小禮、行小義、飾小廉、謹小恥、禁微邪、此厲民之道也。民之修小禮、行小義、飾小廉、謹小恥、禁微邪、治之本也。凡牧民者，欲民之可御也；欲民之可御，則法不可不審；法者，將立朝廷者也；將立朝廷者，則爵服不可不貴也；爵服加于不義，則民賤其爵服；民賤其爵服，則人主不尊；人主不尊，則令不行矣。法者，將用民力者也；將用民力者，則祿賞不可不重也；祿賞加于無功，則民輕其祿賞；民輕其祿賞，則上無以勸民；上無以勸民，則令不行矣。法者，將用民能者也；將用民能者，則授官不可不審也；授官不審，則民閒其治；民閒其治，則理不上通；理不上通，則下怨其上；下怨其上，則令不行矣。法者，將用民之死命者也；用民之死命者，則刑罰不可不審；刑罰不審，則有辟就；有辟就，則殺不辜而赦有罪；殺不辜而赦有罪，則國不免於賊臣矣。故夫爵服賤、祿賞輕、民閒其治、賊臣首難，此謂敗國之教也。

立政第四

國之所以治亂者三，殺戮刑罰，不足用也。國之所以安危者四，城郭險阻，不足守也。國之所以富貧者五，輕稅租，薄賦斂，不足恃也。治國有三本，而安國有四固，而富國有五事，五事五經也。君之所審者三：一曰德不當其位；二曰功不當其祿；三曰能不當其官；此三本者，治亂之原也；故國有德義未明於朝者，則不可加以尊位；功力未見於國者，則不可授與重祿；臨事不信於民者，則不可使任大官；故德厚而位卑者謂之過；德薄而位尊者謂之失；寧過於君子，而毋失於小人；過於君子，其為怨淺；失於小人，其為禍深；是故國有德義未明於朝而處尊位者，則良臣不進；有功力未見於國而有重祿者，則勞臣不勸；有臨事不信於民而任大官者，則材臣不用；三本者審，則下不敢求；三本者不審，則邪臣上通，而便辟制威；如此，則明塞於上，而治壅於下，正道捐棄，而邪事日長。三本者審，則便辟無威於國，道塗無行禽，疏遠無蔽獄，孤寡無隱治，故曰：「刑省治寡，朝不合眾」。

右三本

君之所慎者四：一曰大德不至仁，不可以授國柄。二曰見賢不能讓，不可與尊位。三曰罰避親貴，不可使主兵。四曰不好本事，不務地利，而輕賦斂，不可與都邑。此四務者，安危之本也。故曰：「卿相不得眾，國之危也。大臣不和同，國之危也。兵主不足畏，國之危也。民不懷其產，國之危也。」故大德至仁，則操國得眾。見賢能讓，則大臣和同。罰不避親貴，則威行於鄰敵。好本事，務地利，重賦斂，則民懷其產。

右四固

君之所務者五：一曰山澤不救於火，草木不植成，國之貧也。二曰溝瀆不遂於隘，鄣水不安其藏，國之貧也。三曰桑麻不植於野，五穀不宜其地，國之貧也。四曰六畜不育於家，瓜瓠葷菜百果不備具，國之貧也。五曰工事競於刻鏤，女事繁於文章，國之貧也。故曰：「山澤救於火，草木植成，國之富也。溝瀆遂於隘，鄣水安其藏，國之富也。桑麻植於野，五穀宜其地，國之富也。六畜育於家，瓜瓠葷菜百果備具，國之富也。工事無刻鏤，女事無文章，國之富也。」

右五事

分國以為五鄉，鄉為之師，分鄉以為五州，州為之長。分州以為十里，里為之尉。分里以為十游，游為之宗。十家為什，五家為伍，什伍皆有長焉。築障塞匿，一道路，博出入，審閭閈，慎筦鍵，筦藏于里尉。置閭有司，以時開閉。閭有司觀出入者，以復于里尉。凡出入不時，衣服不中，圈屬群徒，不順於常者，閭有司見之，復無時。若在長家子弟臣妾屬役賓客，則里尉以譙于游宗，游宗以譙于什伍，什伍以譙于長家，譙敬而勿復。一再則宥，三則不赦。凡孝悌忠信、賢良俊材，若在長家子弟臣妾屬役賓客，則什伍以復于游宗，游宗以復于里尉。里尉以復于州長。州長以計于鄉師。鄉師以著于士師。凡過黨，其在家屬，及于長家。其在長家，及于什伍之長。其在什伍之長，及于游宗。其在游宗，及于里尉。其在里尉，及于州長。其在州長，及于鄉師，其在鄉師，及于士師。三月一復，六月一計，十二月一著。凡上賢不過等，使能不兼官，罰有罪不獨及，賞有功不專與。孟春之朝，君自聽朝，論爵賞校官，終五日。季冬之夕，君自聽朝，論罰罪刑殺，亦終五日。正月之朔，百吏在朝，君乃出令布憲于國，五鄉之師，五屬大夫，皆受憲于太史。大朝之日，五鄉之師，五屬大夫，皆身習憲于君前。太史既布憲，入籍于太府。憲籍分于君前。五鄉之師出朝，遂于鄉官致于鄉屬，及于游宗，皆受憲。憲既布，乃反致令焉，然後敢就舍；憲未布，令未致，不敢就舍。就舍，謂之留令。罪死不赦。五屬大夫，皆以行車朝，出朝不敢就舍，遂行至都之日。遂於廟致屬吏，皆受憲。憲既布，乃發使者致令以布憲之日蚤晏之時，憲既布，使者以發，然後敢就舍；憲未布。使者未發，不敢就舍；就舍，謂之留令，罪死不赦。憲既布，有不行憲者，謂之不從令，罪死不赦。考憲而有不合于太府之籍者，侈曰專制，不足曰虧令，罪死不赦。首憲既布，然後可以布憲。

右首憲

凡將舉事，令必先出，曰事將為。其賞罰之數，必先明之，立事者，謹守令以行賞罰，計事致令，復賞罰之所加，有不合於令之所謂者，雖有功利，則謂之專制，罪死不赦。首事既布，然後可以舉事。

右首事

修火憲，敬山澤，林藪積草，夫財之所出，以時禁發焉。使民足於宮室之用，薪蒸之所積，虞師之事也，決水潦，通溝瀆，修障防，安水藏，使時水雖過度，無害于五穀。歲雖凶旱，有所秎穫，司空之事也。相高下，視肥墝，觀地宜，明詔期，前後農夫，以時均修焉，使五穀桑麻，皆安其處，由田之事也。行鄉里，視宮室，觀樹蓺，簡六畜，以時鈞修焉。勸勉百姓，使力作毋偷。懷樂家室，重去鄉里，鄉師之事也。論百工，審時事，辨功苦，上完利，監壹五鄉，以時鈞修焉。使刻鏤文采，毋敢造于鄉，工師之事也。

右省官

度爵而制服，量祿而用財，飲食有量，衣服有制，宮室有度，六畜人徒有數，舟車陳器有禁，修生則有軒冕服位穀祿田宅之分，死則有棺槨絞衾壙壟之度。雖有賢身貴體，毋其爵，不敢服其服。雖有富家多資，毋其祿，不敢用其財。天子服文有章，而夫人不敢以燕以饗廟，將軍大夫不敢以朝官吏，以命士，止于帶緣，散民不敢服雜采，百工商賈不得服長鬈貂，刑餘戮民不敢服絻，不敢畜連乘車。

右服制

寢兵之說勝，則險阻不守；兼愛之說勝，則士卒不戰。全生之說勝，則廉恥不立。私議自貴之說勝，則上令不行。群徒比周之說勝，則賢不肖不分。金玉貨財之說勝。則爵服下流，觀樂玩好之說勝。則姦民在上位。請謁任舉之說勝，則繩墨不正，諂諛飾過之說勝，則巧佞者用。

右九敗

期而致，使而往，百姓舍己以上為心者，教之所期也。始於不足見，終於不可及，一人服之，萬人從之，訓之所期也。未之令而為，未之使而往，上不加勉，而民自盡，竭俗之所期也。好惡形於心，百姓化於下，罰未行而民畏恐，賞未加而民勸勉，誠信之所期也。為而無害，成而不議，得而莫之能爭，天道之所期也。為之而成，求之而得，上之所欲，小大必舉，事之所期也。令則行，禁則止，憲之所及，俗之所被，如百體之從心，政之所期也。

右七觀

乘馬第五

凡立國都，非於大山之下，必於廣川之上；高毋近旱，而水用足；下毋近水，而溝防省；因天材，就地利，故城郭不必中規矩，道路不必中準繩。

右立國

無為者帝，為而無以為者王，為而不貴者霸，不自以為所貴，則君道也。貴而不過度，則臣道也。

右大數

地者，政之本也。朝者，義之理也。市者，貨之準也。黃金者，用之量也。諸侯之地，千乘之國者，器之制也。五者其理可知也，為之有道。地者政之本也，是故地可以正政也，地不平均和調，則政不可正也；政不正，則事不可理也。

右地政

春秋冬夏，陰陽之推移也。時之短長，陰陽之利用也；日夜之易，陰陽之化也；然則陰陽正矣，雖不正，有餘不可損，不足不可益也。天地莫之能損益也。然則可以正政者地也。故不可不正也，正地者，其實必正，長亦正，短亦正；小亦正，大亦正；長短大小盡正。正不正，則官不理；官不理，則事不治；事不治，則貨不多；是故何以知貨之多也？曰：事治。何以知事之治也？曰：貨多。貨多事治，則所求於天下者寡矣，為之有道。

右陰陽

朝者，義之理也。是故爵位正而民不怨；民不怨，則不亂，然後義可理。理不正，則不可以治；而不可不理也，故一國之人，不可以皆貴；皆貴，則事不成而國不利也。為事之不成，國之不利也。使無貴者，則民不能自理也，是故辨於爵列之尊卑，則知先後之序，貴賤之義矣，為之有道。

右爵位

市者，貨之準也。是故百貨賤，則百利不得。百利不得，則百事治。百事治，則百用節矣；是故事者生於慮，成於務，失於傲。不慮則不生，不務則不成，不傲則不失，故曰：市者可以知治亂，可以知多寡，而不能為多寡，為之有道。

右務市事

黃金者，用之量也。辨於黃金之理，則知侈儉。知侈儉，則百用節矣，故儉則傷事，侈則傷貨；儉則金賤，金賤則事不成，故傷事。侈則金貴，金貴則貨賤，故傷貨。貨盡而後知不足，是不知量也，事已，而後知貨之有餘，是不知節也，不知量，不知節不可，為之有道。

右黃金

諸侯之地，千乘之國者，器之制也。天下乘馬服牛，而任之輕重有制，有壹宿之行，道之遠近有數矣。是知諸侯之地千乘之國者，所以知地之小大也，所以知任之輕重也；重而後損之，是不知任也；輕而後益之，是不知器也。不知任不知器不可，為之有道。

右諸侯之地千乘之國

地之不可食者，山之無木者，百而當一。涸澤，百而當一。地之無草木者，百而當一。樊棘雜處，民不得入焉，百而當一。藪，鎌纏得入焉，九而當一。蔓山，其木可以為材，可以為軸，斤斧得入焉，九而當一。汎山，其木可以為棺，可以為車，斤斧得入焉，十而當一。流水，網罟得入焉，五而當一。林，其木可以為棺，可以為車，斤斧得入焉，五而當一。澤，網罟得入焉，五而當一。命之曰地均，以實數。方六里，命之曰暴。五暴命之曰部。五部命之曰聚。聚者有市，無市則民乏。五聚命之曰某鄉，四鄉命之曰方，官制也。官成而立邑。五家而伍，十家而連，五連而暴。五暴而長，命之曰某鄉。四鄉命之曰都，邑制也，邑成而制事。四聚為一離，五離為一制，五制為一田，二田為一夫，三夫為一家，事制也。事成而制器，方六里，為一乘之地也。一乘者，四馬也。一馬其甲七，其蔽五。四乘，其甲二十有八，其蔽二十。白徒三十人奉車兩，器制也。方六里，一乘之地也。方一里，九夫之田也。黃金一鎰，百乘一宿之盡也，無金則用其絹。季絹三十三制當一鎰，無絹則用其布。經暴布百兩當一鎰，一鎰之金，食百乘之一宿，則所市之地，六灸一(豆斗)，命之曰中，歲有市無市，則民不乏矣。方六里，名之曰社，有邑焉，名之曰央，亦關市之賦。黃金百鎰為一篋，其貨一穀籠為十篋。其商苟在市者三十人。其正月十二月，黃金一鎰，命之曰正。分春曰書比，立夏曰月程，秋曰大稽。與民數得亡。三歲修封，五歲修界。十歲更制，經正也。十仞見水不大潦，五尺見水不大旱，十一仞見水輕征，十分去二三，二則去三四，四則去四，五則去半，比之於山。五尺見水，十分去一，四則去三，三則去二，二則去一，三尺而見水，比之於澤。距國門以外，窮四竟之內，丈夫二犁，童五尺一犁，以為三日之功。正月，令農始作，服于公田農耕，及雪釋，耕始焉，芸卒焉。士聞見博，學意察，而不為君臣者，與功而不與分焉。賈知賈之貴賤，日至於市，而不為官賈者，與功而不與分焉。工治容貌功能，日至於市，而不為官工者，與功而不與分焉。不可使而為工，則視貨離之實而出夫粟。是故智者知之，愚者不知，不可以教民。巧者能之，拙者不能，不可以教民。非一令而民服之也，不可以為大善。非夫人能之也，不可以為大功；是故非誠賈不得食于賈，非誠工不得食于工，非誠農不得食于農，非信士不得立于朝。是故官虛而莫敢為之請，君有珍車珍甲而莫之敢有。君舉事，臣不敢誣其所不能。君知臣，臣亦知君知己也；故臣莫敢不竭力俱操其誠以來。道曰，均地分力，使民知時也，民乃知時日之蚤晏，日月之不足，飢寒之至于身也；是故夜寢蚤起，父子兄弟，不忘其功。為而不倦，民不憚勞苦。故不均之為惡也：地利不可竭，民力不可殫。不告之以時，而民不知；不道之以事，而民不為。與之分貨，則民知得正矣，審其分，則民盡力矣，是故不使而父子兄弟不忘其功。

右士農工商

聖人之所以為聖人者，善分民也。聖人不能分民，則猶百姓也，於己不足，安得名聖。是故有事則用，無事則歸之於民，唯聖人為善託業於民。民之生也，辟則愚，閉則類，上為一。下為二。

右聖人

時之處事精矣，不可藏而舍也。故曰，今日不為，明日忘貨。昔之日已往而不來矣。

右失時

上地方八十里，萬室之國一，千室之都四；中地方百里，萬室之國一，千室之都四。下地方百二十里，萬室之國一，千室之都四。以上地方八十里，與下地方百二十里，通於中地方百里。

右地里

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