The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Subspecies of the Mountain Chickadee

This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook.

Title: The Subspecies of the Mountain Chickadee

Author: Joseph Grinnell

Release date: August 25, 2010 [eBook #33531]

Language: English

Credits: Produced by Tom Cosmas, Larry B. Harrison and the Online

Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE SUBSPECIES OF THE MOUNTAIN CHICKADEE ***

Transcriber's Notes

All of the text presented here is a copy of the original article's text with the following exceptions:

1. Typographical Corrections

A. Page 509 - Medicine Bow Mts., 10 200 => 10,200

B. Table 1. Added missing period in column 1 U. S N. M. no. => U. S. N. M. no.

C. Vol. 17 number 16 => 15 of the "UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS" listing

2. Placement of UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS Listing

The original publication had this list beginning inside the front cover and continuing on the back cover (inside and out). Here it was moved to the end of the book for readability. Inconsistancies in the formatting of the list (i.e., periods, commas, etc.) were left as presented in the original (with the exception noted above).

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS

IN

ZOOLOGY

Vol. 17, No. 17, pp. 505-515, 3 figures in text

May 4, 1918

THE SUBSPECIES OF THE MOUNTAIN CHICKADEE

BY

JOSEPH GRINNELL

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS

BERKELEY

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS

IN

ZOOLOGY

Vol. 17, No. 17, pp. 505-515, 3 figures in text

May 4, 1918

THE SUBSPECIES OF THE MOUNTAIN CHICKADEE

BY

JOSEPH GRINNELL

(Contribution From the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology of the University of California)

Fieldwork was carried on by the California Museum of Vertebrate Zoology during 1917 in the Inyo region of eastern California. In going over the collection of birds obtained, the attention of the writer was arrested by certain peculiarities evident in the Mountain Chickadees. Comparison with series from the Sierras showed the Inyo birds to be paler colored and longer tailed; and in order to appraise these differences in taxonomic terms it became necessary to assemble material representative of the entire range of the species, in so far as possible. The results of the study thus undertaken are presented herewith.

The material involved in the inquiry has amounted to 464 skins of the Mountain Chickadee, derived from the following sources other than the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology: United States National Museum, through Dr. Charles W. Richmond; United States Biological Survey, through Mr. Edward W. Nelson; and the private collections of Messrs. Edward R. Warren, Joseph and John W. Mailliard, G. Frean Morcom, Harry S. Swarth, and J. Grinnell.

As of general interest, and in the nature of an introduction to the systematic analysis to follow, it may be stated that Penthestes gambeli including its subspecies is throughout its range non-migratory, save as a few individuals in pairs or small companies occasionally descend in fall or early winter to lower levels closely adjacent to their mountain habitats. The range of the species roughly extends from and includes the Rocky Mountains to or nearly to the Pacific Coast, and from Alberta and British Columbia south nearly to the Mexican line--somewhat south of it in northern Lower California. Within this general area the Mountain Chickadee is by no means uniformly distributed. Especially towards the south is its range very "spotty," the representations on detached mountain tops being wholly isolated. Two main areas of relatively continuous distribution are, however, perceivable--the Rocky Mountain area, and the Sierra Nevada area.

Fig. 1. Map showing distribution of the races of the

Mountain Chickadee in California.

Click on map to view larger version.

Close scrutiny of the series of specimens at hand well representing the entire Rocky Mountain area reveals no variation in phylogenetic characters from the northernmost to the southernmost stations. All show in apparently equal degree the long tail and cinnamon tinge of sides and back, these features together constituting the grounds for separate subspecific recognition of a Rocky Mountain form. On the other hand, the Sierra Nevadan center, with its own recognizable race, of relatively short tail, proves to have two outlying divergent forms. These three forms are alike in their lack of any cinnamon tinge, this being replaced in two of them by a buffy tinge and in one form by leaden gray. The tail in one of the outlying forms is long, in the other short. The habitats concerned are, respectively, the desert mountains of the Inyo region of eastern California, and the coastal mountains of southern California. This differentiation within the Pacific district, particularly within the state of California, will be better understood in its geographic bearing by reference to the accompanying map (fig. 1).

The behavior of the tail of Penthestes gambeli--long in the Rocky Mountain district, short in the Pacific district (see figs. 2, 3)--is paralleled in the Penthestes atricapillus group of chickadees across the North American continent in about the latitude of the state of Washington. In the northern Rocky Mountains occurs the race P. a. septentrionalis, with long tail; in the Pacific Coast strip of Washington and Oregon occurs the race P. a. occidentalis, with, among other characters, relatively short tail. Other parallels are to be found in the genera Psaltriparus, Thryomanes and Pipilo.

Fig. 2. Tail of Penthestes gambeli gambeli (no. 27784, Mus. Vert. Zool.; ♂, full-grown juv.; Sierra Ancha, Gila Co., Arizona; June 26, 1917). × 1.00.

Fig. 3. Tail of Penthestes gambeli abbreviatus (no. 24059, Mus. Vert. Zool.; ♂, full-grown juv.; Yolla Bolly Mt., Tehama Co., California; August 5, 1913). × 1.00.

It is improbable that the fact of subspecific differentiation in Penthestes gambeli has been altogether overlooked previous to the present time. A premonition of the geographic variation now formally pointed out is to be found in the early writings of Baird (1858, p. 394), who remarked that "a specimen, apparently of this species [Parus montanus], from Medicine Bow creek [Wyoming], (5643,) though marked female, is larger than those from California, as shown by the measurements." Also, some of the differences in proportions in the subspecies now recognized are shown in the table of measurements given by Ridgway (1904, p. 409).

For a detailed description of the Mountain Chickadee as a species, the reader is referred to Ridgway (1904, p. 408).

Penthestes gambeli gambeli (Ridgway)

Rocky Mountain Chickadee

Parus montanus Gambel (1843, p. 259); and of authors, part. This name preoccupied (see Ridgway, 1904, p. 409).

Parus gambeli Ridgway in American Ornithologists' Union Committee (1886, p. 335); and of authors, part. Substitute name.

Parus gambeli thayeri Birtwell (1901, p. 166). Based on adventitiously colored specimen from Albuquerque, New Mexico. Type in United States National Museum.

Penthestes gambeli, of authors, part.

Type locality.--Santa Fé, New Mexico.

Diagnosis.--Among the four subspecies of Penthestes gambeli here recognized, color alone is sufficient for distinguishing P. gambeli gambeli. The flanks, sides of body and back in this form are pervaded with a distinct tinge of cinnamon--more exactly, the "pinkish buff" of Ridgway (1912, pl. 29). In addition, this race shows the greatest length of tail, and slenderest bill.

Measurements.--Average of 14 males: Wing, 70.5 mm.; tail, 70.2; exposed culmen, 8.6; depth of bill at base, 3.8. For extremes, see accompanying table.

Note.--In this paper the length of wing is the usual chord of the folded wing as dried at the side of the body in the conventional study skin. The tail length, however, is measured from the base of the uropygium to the tip of the longest pair of rectrices. It is found that in preparing specimens there is a practically uniform place for cutting off from the body the uropygium with attached feathers, and this is exactly where the tail bends back at an angle to the body in the fresh bird. The lateral rectrices are rooted evenly with the base of the dried uropygium so that the measurement of tail length thus taken becomes the distance from the extreme proximal ends of the most lateral pair of rectrices to the tips of the central pair--somewhat greater than the length of tail as given by Ridgway (1901, p. xv), the latter being the measurement from the base of the central pair of tail feathers to the tips of same. My reason for adopting this different procedure here is that more accuracy seems possible thereby, at least in the kind of material here dealt with. There is less mussing of the specimen also.

Neither depth of bill nor culmen is a practical index to degree of slenderness of bill. No ordinary method of measurement will suffice to indicate the facts as they are perceived by the eye.

As will be seen by the dates in the tables, as a rule only unworn specimens have been selected for measurement.

Range.--The Rocky Mountain region of North. America, from eastern British Columbia and western Alberta south to western Texas, New Mexico and Arizona. Specimens examined, 72, from the following localities:

Alberta: Smoky Valley, 50 miles north of Jasper House, 1; Henry House, 1; 15 miles west of Henry House, 1.

British Columbia: South fork of Moose River, 1.

Montana: Gallatin County: Jefferson River, 1; Madison River, 2; Hillsdale, 2; Mystic Lake, 1; Dry Creek, 1.

Idaho: Sawtooth Lake, 1.

Wyoming: Mammoth Hot Springs, 3; Jackey's Creek, 4 miles southwest of Dubois, 1; Teton Pass, 7200 ft., 2; Salt River Mts., head of Dry Creek, 9200 ft., 1; Medicine Bow Mts., 10,200 ft., 1; Medicine Bow Creek, 1.

Utah: Filmore, 1.

Colorado: Loveland, 1; Middle Park, 1; Sangre de Christo Pass, 1; Fort Garland, 1; Platte Canyon, 1; Pueblo, 2; Estes Park, 1; Boulder, 2; Gold Hill, 1; Golden, 7300 ft., 1; Colorado Springs, 5; Querida, Custer County, 1; Salida, Chaffee County, 1; Crested Butte, Gunnison County, 1; Stamford, 1.

Texas: Guadalupe Mts., 6800 ft., 1; Davis Mts., 1.

New Mexico: Fort Massachusetts, 1; Fort Wingate, 1; Albuquerque, 1; Taos Mts., 8800 ft., 1; Manzano Mts., 4; Magdalena Mts., 7000 ft., 1; Cienequilla, 1; Mt. Capitan, 1; Pecos Baldy, 1; Bear Spring Mts., 1; Shiprock, 1; Corona, 1; Twining, 12,500 ft., 1; Fulton, 1; San Mateo Mts., 9500 ft., 1.

Arizona: Fort Whipple, 1; Mt. Graham, 1; San Francisco Mt., 2; Bright Angel Spring, Kaibab Plateau, 1; Canyon Spring, 1; Santa Catalina Mts., 2; Sierra Ancha, 6500 ft., 1.

Penthestes gambeli inyoensis, new subspecies

Inyo Mountain Chickadee

Parus gambeli, of authors, part.

Penthestes gambeli, of authors, part.

Penthestes gambeli baileyae, American Ornithologists' Union Committee (1910, p. 351), part (?).

Type locality.--Panamint Mountains (northern part), 3 miles east of Jackass Spring, 6200 feet altitude, Inyo County, California. Type, male adult, no. 28782, Mus. Vert. Zool.; October 7, 1917; collected by J. Grinnell, orig. no. 4588.

Diagnosis.--The palest colored race of the four; sides, flanks and back, in unworn plumage, pervaded with pale buff--the "cartridge buff" of Ridgway (1912, pl. 30). Wear or fading, or both, removes most of this buff tone, so that the resulting effect, in spring and summer birds, is of an ashy tone of coloration, distinctly lighter than in any of the other three subspecies, in same stage. It seems probable that there is a paler tone to the underlying plumage parts and that this becomes revealed by loss of the superficial pigment-bearing portions through the gradual progress of feather abrasion. Inyoensis shows nearly as long a tail as does gambeli. Its bill is somewhat smaller.

Measurements.--Average of 10 males: Wing, 71.1 mm.; tail, 69.3; exposed culmen, 8.1; depth of bill at base, 3.7. For extremes, see accompanying table.

Range.--The higher mountains of eastern California lying east and southeast of Owens Valley, from the vicinity of the Mono Craters and the White Mountains, in Mono County, south to the Panamint Mountains, in Inyo County. Specimens examined, 50, from the following localities, all in California:

Mono County: Mono Mills, 1; near Benton, 2; near Big Prospector Meadow, 10,000-10,500 ft., White Mts., 15; Cottonwood Creek, 9200 ft., White Mts., 1. Inyo County: Silver Canyon, 7000-8000 ft., White Mts., 8; Roberts Ranch, 8300 ft., White Mts., 1; head of Black Canyon, 8000 ft., White Mts., 2; Independence, 3900 ft., 1 (vagrant); Mazourka Canyon, 8000-10,000 ft., Inyo Mts., 3; near Jackass Spring, 6000-6200 ft., Panamint Mts., 14; Hanaupah Canyon, 7500-9000 ft., Panamint Mts., 2.

Penthestes gambeli abbreviatus, new subspecies

Short-tailed Mountain Chickadee

Parus montanus, of authors, part.

Parus gambeli, of authors, part.

Penthestes gambeli, of authors, part.

Type locality.--Horse Creek, Siskiyou Mountains (near Seiad Valley P. O.), Siskiyou County, California. Type, male, no. 119 (orig. no., in coll. J. Grinnell); December 12, 1901; collected by Malcolm P. Anderson.

Diagnosis.--Tone of color on sides, flanks and back the same as in inyoensis, though not quite so pale, namely, in fresh plumage, cartridge buff. Tail (see figs. 2, 3) much shorter than in either gambeli or inyoensis; and bill averaging smaller than in any of the other three races.

Measurements.--Average of 14 males: Wing, 69.7 mm.; tail, 65.0; exposed culmen, 7.9; depth of bill at base, 3.8. For extremes, see accompanying table.

Range.--The higher mountains of central and northern California, southern Oregon (probably this subspecies), and northwestern Nevada. Occurs west in northern California through the Siskiyou and Salmon mountains and to South Yolla Bolly Mountain and Mount Sanhedrin; and south in the Sierra Nevada to the vicinity of Mount Whitney. Specimens examined, 182, from the following localities:

California: Modoc County: Sugar Hill, 4; Warner Mts., 27. Siskiyou County: Mt. Shasta, 3; Jackson Lake, 5900 ft., 5; South Fork Salmon River, 5000 ft., 1; head of Rush Creek, 6400 ft., 2; Kangaroo Creek, 3; Castle Lake, 5400 ft., 1; Horse Creek, Siskiyou Mts., 11; Beswick, 1. Trinity County: head of Bear Creek, 6400 ft., 4; head of Grizzly Creek, 6000 ft., 6. Tehama County: near South Yolla Bolly Mt., 4. Mendocino County: near Castle Peak, 1; near Sanhedrin Mt., 4. Lassen County: Eagle Lake, 6. Plumas County: Meadow Valley, 1. Nevada County: Independence Lake, 3. Placer County: Summit, 1; Cisco, 6000 ft., 18; Blue Canyon, 4700-5000 ft., 12; Dutch Flat, 1. Eldorado County: Tahoe Valley, 2; Kyburz Station, 1. Mariposa County: vicinity of Yosemite Valley, 13. Mono County: Warren Fork of Leevining Creek, 9200 ft., 1; Williams Butte, 7500 ft., 1. Fresno County: Bullfrog Lake, 10,600 ft., 6. Inyo County (not typical): near Kearsarge Pass at 8500 ft., 1; Little Onion Valley, 7500 ft., near Kearsarge Pass, 1; Cottonwood Lakes, 11,000 ft., 7. Tulare County (not typical): Whitney Creek, 11,000 ft., 3; Whitney Meadows, 9800 ft., 14; Olancha Peak, 10,000 ft., 1.

Nevada: Pine Forest Mts., Humboldt County, 13.

Penthestes gambeli baileyae (Grinnell)

Bailey Mountain Chickadee

Parus montanus, of authors, part.

Parus gambeli, of authors, part.

Parus gambeli baileyae Grinnell (1908, p. 29).

Penthestes gambeli baileyae, American Ornithologists' Union Committee (1910, p. 351), part (?); and of authors.

Type locality.--Mount Wilson, 5500 feet altitude, San Gabriel Mountains, Los Angeles County, California. Type in coll. J. Grinnell.

Diagnosis.--Tone of coloration on sides, flanks and back distinctly plumbeous--more exactly, on sides and flanks the "smoke gray" of Ridgway (1912, pl. 46), and on back near the "mouse gray" of the same authority (pl. 51). The tail in this race is short as in abbrevialus, but the bill is long and heavy, averaging thicker through than in any of the other three races.

Measurements.--Average of 14 males: Wing, 70.0 mm.; tail, 65.4; exposed culmen, 8.5; depth of bill at base, 4.1. For extremes, see accompanying table.

Range.--Higher mountains of southern California, from the extreme southern Sierra Nevada in Tulare County, and the Santa Lucia Mountains in Monterey County, south to the Cuyamaca Mountains, San Diego County; also (probably this subspecies) in the San Pedro Martir Mountains, in northern Lower California. Specimens examined, 160, from the following localities, all in California:

Monterey County: Headwaters of Big Creek, 2. Ventura County: Mt. Pinos, 2. Kern County: Kiavah Mt., 7000 ft., near Walker Pass, 2. Tulare County (not typical): Taylor Meadow, 7000 ft., 8; Cannell Meadow, 7500 ft., 1; Pine Flat, 7500 ft., 1; Long Meadow, 7700 ft., 1; Sirretta Meadows, 9000 ft., 3; Trout Creek, 6000 ft., 10; near Trout Creek, 7500 ft., 2; Jackass Meadow, 7750 ft., 3; Troy Meadows, 8000 ft., 1. Los Angeles County: Mt. Wilson, 25; Buckhorn Canyon, near Mt. Waterman, 2; near Pasadena, 9 (vagrants); Verdugo, 1 (vagrant). San Bernardino County: near Cucamonga, 1; San Bernardino Mts., 35; Victorville, 3 (vagrants). Riverside County: San Jacinto Mts., 29; Thomas Mt., 1; Santa Rosa Mts., 10. Orange County: Santa Ana Mts., 3000 ft., 1 (vagrant?). San Diego County: Julian, 1; Cuyamaca Mts., 6.

General remarks.--In making use of the intrinsic color characters, which are important here in distinguishing subspecies, it is, of course, essential that the effects of extraneous factors be taken into account. Prolonged wear and fading evidently serve to weaken the intensity of the color tones, more especially the buffy ones. Then, too, chickadees seem peculiarly susceptible to discoloration by smoke, soot and charred wood; for example, our series from Cisco and Blue Cañon, stations along the Central Pacific Railway over the Sierra Nevada, even though taken in September and October almost immediately after completion of the fall molt, are obviously more or less begrimed with soot. On the other hand, the autumn- and winter-taken series from the Yosemite region and from the Siskiyou Mountains are clean, and show their intrinsic color tones to good advantage.

Intergradation undoubtedly connects the four races of the Mountain Chickadee into a continuous series of forms. Abundant material at hand from that portion of the Sierra Nevada immediately south of Mount Whitney shows complete transition from Penthestes gambeli baileyae to P. g. abbreviatus; in fact, many of the specimens can only be placed arbitrarily in one category or the other. Several examples from the vicinity of Mono Lake, in Mono County, California, and from along the west flank of the Sierras in Inyo County, insensibly bridge the interval between P. g. abbreviatus and P. g. inyoensis, especially when considered in connection with the individual variation to which each race is subject in about normal degree.

Material at hand from different parts of the Great Basin is unsatisfactory either in that it is scanty or because of the worn state of the plumage. A summer-taken series of 13 Mountain Chickadees (nos. 8952-8964, Mus. Vert. Zool.) from the Pine Forest Mountains, Humboldt County, Nevada, shows in color no approach to P. gambeli gambeli. In this respect it is like P. g. inyoensis, but the tail averages nearly as short as in P. g. abbreviatus. Taking all features into account it seems best placed under abbreviatus. Fresh-plumaged fall specimens from this locality would make determination more certain.

A specimen (♂, no. 547, Mus. Vert. Zool.) from Anthony, Baker County, Oregon, taken October 16, 1907, might be referred to P. g. abbreviatus; but the tone of color of back and sides is much darker than usual in that form. It is certainly much darker than in P. g. inyoensis. Its tail is but 65.3 mm. long. A skin (♀, no. 18, Morcom coll.) from Camp Harney, Harney County, Oregon, February 17, 1875, has a tail length of 67.7 mm., and in depth of color is about intermediate between abbreviatus and P. g. gambeli. A specimen (♀, no. 136639, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biol. Surv. coll.) from Fort Spokane, Lincoln County, Washington, September 28, 1890, is almost identical with gambeli in coloration; but it, too, has a short tail, only 64.4 mm. long, though there is chance of error here, as several of the rectrices are missing. The writer prefers to leave these last three examples for the time being unplaced.

It is clear that intergradation between Penthestes gambeli gambeli and any one of the other three subspecies is less well established than between any two of these other three. But sufficiency of material from the proper localities through eastern Oregon and eastern Washington would likely prove its existence as is the case between the California forms.

MEASUREMENTS (IN MILLIMETERS) OF SELECTED SPECIMENS REPRESENTING THE FOUR RACES OF Penthestes gambeli

U. S.

N. M.

no.

Penthestes gambeli gambeli

Sex

Date

Locality

Wing

Tail

Exposed

culmen

Depth

of bill

160697

♂

Nov. 24, 1892

Boulder, Colo.

71.7

71.2

8.8

4.0

109948

♂

Oct. 8, 1886

Pueblo, Colo.

72.0

72.4

8.4

3.9

109949

♂

Oct. 5, 1886

Pueblo, Colo.

70.9

70.3

8.5

4.0

176650

♂

Sept. 23, 1888

Madison E., Gallatin Co., Mont.

68.0

67.8

8.9

4.1

124151

♂

Sept. 15, 1888

Jefferson E., Gallatin Co., Mont.

69.7

67.7

10.0

3.6

188823

♂

Oct. 15, 1902

Mammoth Hot Springs, Wyo.

68.1

67.0

9.0

3.6

62546

♂

Nov. 17, 1872

Filmore, Utah

69.8

68.3

8.3

3.5

136638[1]

♂

Sept. 27, 1890

Sawtooth Lake, Idaho

68.1

69.7

8.8

3.8

228227[1]

♂

Sept. 14, 1910

Teton Pass, Wyo.

71.2

70.4

8.3

3.6

193086[1]

♂

Nov. 6, 1903

Manzano Mts., N. Mex.

71.4

70.6

7.8

4.0

184653[1]

♂

Oct. 22, 1902

Corona, N. Mex.

69.0

71.0

9.0

4.1

192942[1]

♂

Oct. 10, 1903

Twining, N. Mex.

72.0

71.4

8.5

4.0

136637[1]

♂

Sept. 18, 1889

San Francisco Mt., Ariz.

71.3

70.3

7.8

3.8

205661[1]

♂

Sept. 10, 1909

Kaibab Plateau, Ariz.

73.5

74.3

8.3

4.0

[1] Biol. Surv. Coll.

Mus.

Vert.

Zool.

no.

Penthestes gambeli inyoensis

Sex

Date

Locality

Wing

Tail

Exposed

culmen

Depth

of bill

28751

♂

July 24, 1917

White Mts., Mono Co., Calif.

73.0

72.4

7.9

3.7

28760

♂

July 29, 1917

White Mts., Mono Co., Calif.

71.0

67.0

8.0

3.6

28766

♂

July 31, 1917

White Mts., Mono Co., Calif.

72.4

67.5

8.8

3.5

28767

♂

Aug. 18, 1917

White Mts., Inyo Co., Calif.

69.4

68.1

8.0

3.7

28770

♂

Sept. 29, 1917

Panamint Mts., Inyo Co., Calif.

68.8

69.8

8.1

3.7

28771

♂

Oct. 2, 1917

Panamint Mts., Inyo Co., Calif.

71.4

70.2

7.4

4.0

28773

♂

Oct. 2, 1917

Panamint Mts., Inyo Co., Calif.

72.7

71.0

8.4

3.8

28774

♂

Oct. 2, 1917

Panamint Mts., Inyo Co., Calif.

69.0

66.0

8.1

3.7

28781

♂

Oct. 5, 1917

Panamint Mts., Inyo Co., Calif.

71.0

70.0

8.3

3.7

28782

♂[2]

Oct. 7, 1917

Panamint Mts., Inyo Co., Calif.

72.0

71.5

8.4

3.5

[2] Type.

Penthestes gambeli abbreviatus

No.

Sex

Date

Locality

Wing

Tail

Exposed

culmen

Depth

of bill

114[3]

♂

Dec. 9, 1901

Horse Cr., Siskiyou Mts., Calif.

68.4

63.8

7.3

3.9

117[3]

♂

Dec. 12, 1901

Horse Cr., Siskiyou Mts., Calif.

69.0

64.7

7.9

3.7

119[3]

♂[4]

Dec. 12, 1901

Horse Cr., Siskiyou Mts., Calif.

70.0

65.0

7.8

3.6

129[3]

♂

Dec. 14, 1901

Horse Cr., Siskiyou Mts., Calif.

68.4

63.0

8.0

3.6

164[3]

♂

Dec. 29, 1901

Horse Cr., Siskiyou Mts., Calif.

69.0

64.2

7.2

3.9

178[3]

♂

Jan. 4, 1902

Horse Cr., Siskiyou Mts., Calif.

66.8

63.0

7.2

3.7

244[3]

♂

Feb. 16, 1902

Horse Cr., Siskiyou Mts., Calif.

70.8

65.0

7.3

3.6

23307

♂

Oct. 21, 1912

Blue Cañon, Placer Co., Calif.

71.8

69.5

8.2

3.9

23302

♂

Oct. 19, 1912

Blue Cañon, Placer Co., Calif.

71.2

64.3

8.8

4.1

23298

♂

Oct. 14, 1912

Blue Cañon, Placer Co., Calif.

71.6

65.7

7.8

3.5

25263

♂

Dec. 26, 1914

Yosemite Park, Calif.

69.8

65.9

8.4

3.8

25800

♂

June 11, 1915

Yosemite Park, Calif.

72.8

67.7

8.7

4.0

26117

♂

Oct. 22, 1915

Yosemite Park, Calif.

69.0

65.0

8.8

4.0

26342

♂

Nov. 27, 1915

Yosemite Park, Calif.

67.1

63.6

8.3

3.9

[3] Collector's original number, in Grinnell coll.; rest of numbers, Mus. Vert. Zool.

[4] Type.

Penthestes gambeli baileyae

No.

Sex

Date

Locality

Wing

Tail

Exposed

culmen

Depth

of bill

182[5]

♂

Nov. 29, 1895

Mt. Wilson, Los Angeles Co., Calif.

67.0

63.0

8.9

4.3

725[5]

♂

Nov. 1, 1897

Mt. Wilson, Los Angeles Co., Calif.

70.1

66.9

9.0

4.4

963[5]

♂

Oct. 31, 1898

Mt. Wilson, Los Angeles Co., Calif.

67.0

63.3

8.2

4.0

636[6]

♂

Feb. 1, 1896

Mt. Wilson, Los Angeles Co., Calif.

70.3

65.5

8.3

4.1

637[6]

♂

Feb. 1, 1896

Mt. Wilson, Los Angeles Co., Calif.

68.6

65.8

8.2

4.0

1832[6]

♂

Dec. 12, 1896

Mt. Wilson, Los Angeles Co., Calif.

72.3

65.7

7.7

4.0

1834[6]

♂

Dec. 12, 1896

Mt. Wilson, Los Angeles Co., Calif.

65.4

63.7

8.0

3.9

1836[6]

♂

Dec. 12, 1896

Mt. Wilson, Los Angeles Co., Calif.

67.7

63.0

...

4.0

5516[6]

♂[9]

Nov. 27, 1903

Mt. Wilson, Los Angeles Co., Calif.

72.1

66.6

8.6

3.9

6073[6]

♂

Sept. 21, 1904

Pasadena, Los Angeles Co., Calif.

69.7

66.0

9.0

4.3

7458[6]

♂

Dec. 23, 1905

Pasadena, Los Angeles Co., Calif.

70.0

66.7

7.8

3.6

9958[7]

♂

Oct. 31, 1897

Mt. Wilson, Los Angeles Co., Calif.

70.3

67.2

8.6

4.3

3364[7]

♂

Sept. 18, 1908

Santa Ana Mts., Orange Co., Calif.

70.8

66.0

9.5

4.0

x3325[8]

♂

July 4, 1905

Hd. of Big Cr., Monterey Co., Calif.

70.5

66.0

9.0

4.2

[5] Coll. H. S. Swarth.

[6] Coll. J. Grinnell.

[7] Mus. Vert. Zool.

[8] Coll. J. & J. W. Mailliard.

[9] Type.

LITERATURE CITED

American Ornithologists' Union Committee.

1886.  The code of nomenclature and check list of North American birds adopted by the American Ornithologists' Union. (New York, American Ornithologists' Union), viii + 392 pp.

1910.  Check-list of North American birds. Ed. 3, revised (New York, American Ornithologists' Union), 430 pp., 2 maps.

Baird, S. F. ("with the co operation of" Cassin, J., and Lawrence, G. N.)

1858. Birds. Pacific Railroad Reports, 9, lvi + 1005 pp.

Birtwell, F. J.

1901. Description of a supposed new subspecies of Parus from New Mexico. Auk, 18, pp. 165-167.

Gambel, W.

1843. Descriptions of some new and rare birds of the Rocky Mountains and California. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1, pp. 258-262.

Grinnell, J.

1908. The southern California chickadee. Condor, 10, pp. 29-30.

Ridgway, R.

1901. The birds of North and Middle America. U. S. Nation. Mus. Bull., 50, part I, xxx + 715 pp., 20 pls.

1904. Ibid., part III, xx + 801 pp., 19 pls.

1912. Color standards and color nomenclature. (Washington, D. C., Ridgway), iii + 44 pp., 53 pls.

Transmitted March 3, 1918.

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS

Note.--The University of California Publications are offered in exchange for the publications of learned societies and institutions, universities and libraries. Complete lists of all the publications of the University will be sent upon request. For sample copies, lists of publications or other information, address the Manager of the University Press, Berkeley, California, U.S.A. All matter sent in exchange should be addressed to The Exchange Department, University Library, Berkeley, California, U.S.A.

ZOOLOGY.--W. E. Ritter and C. A. Kofoid, Editors. Price per volume, $3.50; beginning with vol. 11, $5.00.

This series contains the contributions from the Department of Zoology, from the Marine Laboratory of the Scripps Institution for Biological Research, at La Jolla, California, and from the California Museum of Vertebrate Zoology in Berkeley.

Cited as Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool.

Volume 1, 1902-1905, 317 pages, with 28 plates

$3.50

Volume 2 (Contributions from the Laboratory of the Marine Biological Association of San Diego), 1904-1906, xvii + 382 pages, with 19 plates

$3.50

Volume 3, 1906-1907, 383 pages, with 23 plates

$3.50

Volume 4, 1907-1908, 400 pages, with 24 plates

$3.50

Volume 5, 1908-1910, 440 pages, with 34 plates

$3.50

Volume 6, 1908-1911, 478 pages, with 48 plates

$3.50

Volume 7 (Contributions from the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology), 1910-1912, 446 pages, with 12 plates

$3.50

Volume 8, 1911, 357 pages, with 25 plates

$3.50

Volume 9, 1911-1912, 365 pages, with 24 plates

$3.50

Volume 10, 1912-1913, 417 pages, with 10 plates

$3.50

Volume 11, 1912-1914, 538 pages, with 26 plates

$5.00

Volume 12, (Contributions from the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology), 1913-1916, 558 pages, with 22 plates

$5.00

Volume 13. 1914-1916, 529 pages, with 39 plates

$5.00

Vol. 14.

1. A Report upon the Physical Conditions in San Francisco Bay, Based upon the Operations of the United States Fisheries Steamer "Albatross" during the Years 1912 and 1913, by F. B. Sumner, G. D. Louderback, W. L. Schmitt, E. C. Johnston. Pp. 1-198, plates 1-13, 20 text figures. July, 1914

$2.25

Vol. 15.

Introduction. Dependence of Marine Biology upon Hydrography and Necessity of Quantitative Biological Research. Pp. i-xxiii, June, 1916

.25

1. Hydrographic, Plankton, and Dredging Records of the Scripps Institution for Biological Research of the University of California, 1901 to 1912, compiled and arranged under the supervision of W. E. Ritter by Ellis L. Michael and George F. McEwen. Pp. 1-206, 4 text figures and map. July, 1915

2.25

2. Continuation of Hydrographic, Plankton, and Dredging Records of the Scripps Institution for Biological Research of the University of California (1913-1915), compiled, and arranged under the supervision of W. E. Ritter, by Ellis L. Michael, Zoologist and Administrative Assistant, George F. McEwen, Hydrographer. Pp. 207-254, 7 figures in text. November, 1916

.50

3. Summary and Interpretation of the Hydrographic Observations made by the Scripps Institution for Biological Research of the University of California, 1908 to 1915, by George F. McEwen, Hydrographer. Pp. 255-356, plates 1-38. December, 1916

1.00

Vol. 16.

1. An Outline of the Morphology and Life History of Crithidia leptocoridis, sp, nov., by Irene McCulloch. Pp. 1-22, plates 1-4, 1 text figure. September, 1915

.25

2. On Giardia microti, sp. nov., from the Meadow Mouse, by Charles Atwood Kofoid and Elizabeth Bohn Christiansen. Pp. 23-29, 1 figure in text.

3. On Binary and Multiple Fission in Giardia muris (Grassi), by Charles Atwood Kofoid and Elizabeth Bohn Christiansen. Pp. 30-54, plates, 5-8, 1 figure in text.

Nos. 2 and 3 in one cover. November, 1915

.30

4. The Cultivation of Tissues from Amphibians, by John C. Johnson. Pp. 55-62, 2 figures in text. November, 1915

.10

5. Notes on the Tintinnoina. 1. On the Provable Origin of Dictyocysta tiara Haeckel. 2. On Petalotricha entzi, sp. nov., by Charles Atwood Kofoid. Pp. 68-69, 8 figures in text. December, 1915

.05

6. Binary and Multiple Fission in Hexamitus, by Olive Swezy. Pp. 71-88, plates 9-11.

7. On a New Trichomonad Flagellate, Trichomitus parvus, from the Intestine of Amphibians, by Olive Swezy. Pp. 89-94, plate 12.

Nos. 6 and 7 in one cover. December, 1915

.25

8. On Blepharcorys equi, sp. nov., a New Ciliate from the Caecum of the Horse, by Irwin C. Schumacher. Pp. 95-106, plate 13. December, 1915

.10

9. Three New Helices from California, by S. Stillman Berry. Pp. 107-111. January, 1916

.05

10. On Trypanosoma triatomae, a New Flagellate from a Hemipteran Bug from the Nests of the Wood Rat Neotoma fuscipes, by Charles Atwood Kofoid and Irene McCulloch, Pp. 113-126, plates 14-15. February, 1916

.15

11. The Genera Monocercomonas and Polymastix, by Olive Swezy. Pp. 127-138, plates 16-17. February, 1916

.10

12. Notes on the Spiny Lobster (Panulirus interruptus) of the California Coast, by Bennet M. Allen. Pp. 139-152, 2 figures in text. March, 1916

.15

13. Notes on the Marine Fishes of California, by Carl L. Hubbs. Pp. 153-169, plates 18-20. March, 1916

.15

14. The Feeding Habits and Food of Pelagic Copepods and the Question of Nutrition by Organic Substances in Solution in the Water, by Calvin O. Esterly. Pp. 171-184, 2 figures in text. March, 1916

.15

15. The Kinetonacleus of Flagellates and the Binuclear Theory of Hartmann, by Olive Swezy. Pp. 185-240, 58 figures in text. March, 1916

.50

16. On the Life-History of a Soil Amoeba, by Charlie Woodruff Wilson. Pp. 241-292, plates 18-23. July, 1916

.60

17. Distribution of Land Vertebrates of Southeastern Washington, by Lee Raymond Dice. Pp. 293-348, plates 24-26. June, 1916

.60

18. The Anatomy of Heptanchus maculatus: the Endoskeleton, by J. Frank Daniel. Pp. 349-370, pls. 27-29, 8 text figures. December, 1916

.25

19. Some Phases of Spermatogenesis in the Mouse, by Harry B. Yocom. Pp. 371-380, plate 30. January, 1917

.10

20. Specificity in Behavior and the Relation between Habits in Nature and Reactions in the Laboratory, by Calvin O. Esterly. Pp. 381-392. March, 1917

.10

21. The Occurrence of a Rhythm in the Geotropism of Two Species of Plankton Copepods when Certain Recurring External Conditions are Absent, by Calvin O. Esterly. Pp. 393-400. March, 1917

.10

22. On Some New Species of Aphroditidae from the Coast of California, by Christine Essenberg. Pp. 401-430, plates 31-37. March, 1917

.35

23. Notes on the Natural History and Behavior of Emerita analoga (Stimpson), by Harold Tupper Mead. Pp. 431-438, 1 text figure. April, 1917

.10

24. Ascidians of the Littoral Zone of Southern California, by William E. Ritter and Ruth A. Forsyth. Pp. 439-512, plates 38-46. August, 1917

1.00

Index in preparation.

Vol. 17.

1. Diagnoses of Seven New Mammals from East-Central California, by Joseph Grinnell and Tracy I. Storer. Pp. 1-8.

2. A New Bat of the Genus Myotis from the High Sierra Nevada of California, by Hilda Wood Grinnell. Pp. 9-10.

Nos. 1 and 2-in one cover. August, 1916

.10

3. Spelerpes platycephalus, a New Alpine Salamander from the Yosemite National Park, California, by Charles Lewis Camp. Pp. 11-14. September, 1916

.05

4. A New Spermophile from the San Joaquin Valley, California, with Notes on Ammospermophilus nelsoni nelsoni Merriam, by Walter P. Taylor. Pp. 15-20, 1 figure in text. October, 1916

.05

5. Habits and Food of the Roadrunner in California, by Harold C. Bryant. Pp. 21-58, plates 1-4, 2 figures in text. October, 1916

.35

6. Description of Bufo canorus, a New Toad from the Yosemite National Park, by Charles Lewis Camp. Pp. 59-62, 4 figures in text. November, 1916

.05

7. The Subspecies of Sceloporus occidentalis, with Description of a New Form from the Sierra Nevada and Systematic Notes on Other California Lizards, by Charles Lewis Camp. Pp. 63-74. December, 1916

.10

8. Osteological Relationships of Three Species of Beavers, by F. Harvey Holden. Pp. 75-114, plates 5-12, 18 text figures. March, 1917

.40

9. Notes on the Systematic Status of the Toads and Frogs of California, by Charles Lewis Camp. Pp. 115-125, 3 text figures. February, 1917

.10

10. A Distributional List of the Amphibians and Reptiles of California, by Joseph Grinnell and Charles Lewis Camp. Pp. 127-208. 14 figures in text. July, 1917

.35

11. A Study of the Races of the White-Fronted Goose (Anser albifrons) Occurring in California, by H. S. Swarth and Harold C. Bryant. Pp. 209-222, 2 figures in text, plate 13. October, 1917

.15

12. A Synopsis of the Bats of California, by Hilda Wood Grinnell. Pp. 223-404, plates 14-24, 24 text figures. January 31, 1918

2.00

13. The Pacific Coast Jays of the Genus Aphelocoma, by H. S. Swarth. Pp. 405-422, 1 figure in text. February 23, 1918

.20

14. Six New Mammals from the Mohave Desert and Inyo Regions of California, by Joseph Grinnell. Pp. 423-430.

15. Notes on Some Bats from Alaska and British Columbia, by Hilda Wood Grinnell. Pp. 431-433.

Nos. 14 and 15 in one cover. April, 1918

.15

17. The Subspecies of the Mountain Chickadee, by Joseph Grinnell. Pp. 505-515, 3 figures in text. May 4, 1918

.15

Vol. 18.

1. Mitosis in Giardia microti, by William C. Boeck. Pp. 1-26, plate 1. October, 1917

.35

2. An Unusual Extension of the Distribution of the Shipworm in San Francisco Bay, California, by Albert L. Barrows. Pp. 27-43. December, 1917

.20

3. Description of Some New Species of Polynoidae from the Coast of California, by Christine Essenberg. Pp. 45-60, plates 2-3. October, 1917

.20

4. New Species of Amphinomidae from the Pacific Coast, by Christine Essenberg. Pp. 61-74, plates 4-5. October, 1917

.15

5. Crithidia euryophthalmi, sp. nov., from the Hemipteran Bug, Euryophthalmus convivus Stål, by Irene McCulloch. Pp. 75-88, 35 text figures. December, 1917

.15

6. On the Orientation of Erythropsis, by Charles Atwood Kofoid and Olive Swezy. Pp. 89-102, 12 figures in test. December, 1917

.15

7. The Transmission of Nervous Impulses in Relation to Locomotion in the Earthworm, by John T. Bovard. Pp. 103-134, 14 figures in text. January, 1918

.35

8. The Function of the Giant Fibers in Earthworms, by John F. Bovard. Pp. 135-144, 1 figure in text. January, 1918

.10

9. A Rapid Method for the Detection of Protozoan Cysts in Mammalian Faeces, by William C. Boeck. Pp. 145-149. December, 1917

.05

10. The Musculature of Heptanchus maculatus, by Pirie Davidson Pp. 151-170, 12 figures in text. March, 1918

.25

11. The Factors Controlling the Distribution of the Polynoidae of the Pacific Coast of North America, by Christine Essenberg. Pp. 171-238, plates 6-8, 2 figures in text. March, 1918

.75

12. Differentials in Behavior of the Two Generations of Salpa democratica Relative to the Temperature of the Sea, by Ellis L. Michael. Pp. 239-298, plates 9-11, 1 figure in text. March, 1918

.65

13. A Quantitative Analysis of the Molluscan Fauna of San Francisco Bay, by E. L. Packard. Pp. 299-336, plates 12-13, 6 figs, in text. April, 1918

.40

*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE SUBSPECIES OF THE MOUNTAIN CHICKADEE ***

Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will be renamed.

Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™ concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away—you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark license, especially commercial redistribution.

START: FULL LICENSE

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE

PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or online at www.gutenberg.org/license.

Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works

1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™ electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property (trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in your possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.

1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg™ electronic works even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project Gutenberg™ electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.

1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the United States and you are located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg™ works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg™ name associated with the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg™ License when you share it without charge with others.

1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg™ work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any country other than the United States.

1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg™ work (any work on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or with which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or distributed:

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook.

1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg™ trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ License for all works posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.

1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg™ License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg™.

1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project Gutenberg™ License.

1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work in a format other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in the official version posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ website (www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works provided that:

- • You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, “Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.”

- • You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™ License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg™ works.

- • You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of receipt of the work.

- • You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works.

1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.

1.F.

1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment.

1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the “Right of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the problem.

1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.

1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any Defect you cause.

Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg™

Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™’s goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure and permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org.

Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation

The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit 501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws.

The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact

Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation

Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate.

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate.

Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg™ electronic works

Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.

Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.

Most people start at our website which has the main PG search facility: www.gutenberg.org.

This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™, including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.

back

back

back

Table of Contents

THE SUBSPECIES OF THE MOUNTAIN CHICKADEE

JOSEPH GRINNELL

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BERKELEY

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS

IN

ZOOLOGY

Vol. 17, No. 17, pp. 505-515, 3 figures in text

May 4, 1918

THE SUBSPECIES OF THE MOUNTAIN CHICKADEE

JOSEPH GRINNELL

(Contribution From the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology of the University of California)

LITERATURE CITED

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE