老子
Date: 2007-12-26T00:00:00+00:00
Keywords: Taoism; Philosophy; Chinese

The Project Gutenberg eBook of 老子

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Title: 老子

Author: Laozi

Release date: December 26, 2007 [eBook #24039]

Language: Chinese

Credits: Produced by Yu Hsiu Hung

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 老子 ***

Produced by Yu Hsiu Hung

第一章道可道，非常道。名可名，非常名。無名天地之始，有名萬物之母。故常無欲，以觀其妙；常有欲，以觀其徼。此兩者同出而異名，同謂之玄，玄之又玄，眾妙之門。第二章天下皆知美之為美，斯惡已。皆知善之為善，斯不善已。故有無相生，難易相成，長短相較，高下相傾，音聲相和，前後相隨。是以聖人處無為之事，行不言之教；萬物作焉而不辭，生而不有，為而不恃，功成而弗居。夫唯弗居，是以不去。第三章不尚賢，使民不爭；不貴難得之貨，使民不為盜；不見可欲，使民心不亂。是以聖人之治，虛其心，實其腹，弱其志，強其骨。常使民無知無欲。使夫智者不敢為也。為無為，則無不治。第四章道沖而用之或不盈，淵兮似萬物之宗；挫其銳，解其紛，和其光，同其塵，湛兮似或存。吾不知誰之子，象帝之先。第五章天地不仁，以萬物為芻狗；聖人不仁，以百姓為芻狗。天地之間，其猶橐籥乎﹖虛而不屈，動而愈出。多言數窮，不如守中。第六章谷神不死，是謂玄牝。玄牝之門，是謂天地根。綿綿若存，用之不勤。

第七章天長地久。天地所以能長且久者，以其不自生，故能長生。是以聖人後其身而身先；外其身而身存。非以其無私邪，故能成其私。第八章上善若水。水善利萬物而不爭，處眾人之所惡，故幾於道。居善地，心善淵，與善仁，言善信，正善治，事善能，動善時。夫唯不爭，故無尤。第九章持而盈之，不如其已；揣而梲之，不可長保。金玉滿堂，莫之能守；富貴而驕，自遺其咎。功成身退，天之道也。第十章載營魄抱一，能無離乎﹖專氣致柔，能嬰兒乎﹖滌除玄覽，能無疵乎﹖愛國治民，能無知乎﹖天門開闔，能為雌乎﹖明白四達，能無為乎﹖生之，畜之。生而不有，為而不恃，長而不宰，是謂玄德。第十一章三十輻，共一轂，當其無，有車之用。埏埴以為器，當其無，有器之用。鑿戶牖以為室，當其無，有室之用。故有之以為利，無之以為用。第十二章五色令人目盲，五音令人耳聾，五味令人口爽，馳騁畋獵令人心發狂，難得之貨令人行妨。是以聖人為腹不為目，故去彼取此。

第十三章寵辱若驚，貴大患若身。何謂寵辱若驚﹖寵為下，得之若驚，失之若驚，是謂寵辱若驚。何謂貴大患若身﹖吾所以有大患者，為吾有身，及吾無身，吾有何患﹖故貴以身為天下，若可寄天下；愛以身為天下，若可托天下。第十四章視之不見名曰夷，聽之不聞名曰希，搏之不得名曰微。此三者不可致詰，故混而為一。其上不皦，其下不昧。繩繩不可名，復歸於無物。是謂無狀之狀，無物之象，是謂惚恍。迎之不見其首，隨之不見其後。執古之道，以御今之有。能知古始，是謂道紀。第十五章古之善為士者，微妙玄通，深不可識。夫唯不可識，故強為之容﹕豫兮若冬涉川，猶兮若畏四鄰，儼兮其若客，渙兮若冰之將釋，敦兮其若樸，曠兮其若谷，渾兮其若濁。孰能濁以靜之徐清﹖孰能安以久動之徐生﹖保此道者不欲盈，夫唯不盈，故能蔽不新成。第十六章致虛極，守靜篤。萬物並作，吾以觀復。夫物芸芸，各復歸其根。歸根曰靜，是曰復命。復命曰常，知常曰明。不知常，妄作凶。知常容，容乃公，公乃王，王乃天，天乃道，道乃久，沒身不殆。第十七章太上，下知有之，其次親而譽之，其次畏之，其次侮之。信不足焉，有不信焉。悠兮其貴言，功成事遂，百姓皆謂我自然。第十八章大道廢，有仁義；智慧出，有大偽；六親不和，有孝慈；國家昏亂，有忠臣。第十九章絕聖棄智，民利百倍；絕仁棄義，民復孝慈；絕巧棄利，盜賊無有。此三者以為文不足，故令有所屬﹕見素抱樸，少私寡欲。第二十章絕學無憂，唯之與阿，相去幾何﹖善之與惡，相去若何﹖人之所畏，不可不畏。荒兮其未央哉﹗眾人熙熙，如享太牢，如春登台。我獨泊兮，其未兆，如嬰兒之未孩；儡儡兮，若無所歸。眾人皆有餘，而我獨若遺。我愚人之心也哉﹗ 沌沌兮，俗人昭昭，我獨若昏。俗人察察，我獨悶悶。澹兮其若海，飂兮若無止。眾人皆有以，而我獨頑似鄙。我獨異於人，而貴食母。第二十一章孔德之容，惟道是從。道之為物，惟恍惟惚。惚兮恍兮，其中有象；恍兮惚兮，其中有物。窈兮冥兮，其中有精；其精甚真，其中有信。自今及古，其名不去，以閱眾甫。吾何以知眾甫之狀哉﹖以此。第二十二章曲則全，枉則直，窪則盈，敝則新，少則得，多則惑。是以聖人抱一為天下式。不自見，故明；不自是，故彰；不自伐，故有功；不自矜，故長。夫唯不爭，故天下莫能與之爭。古之所謂曲則全者，豈虛言哉﹗誠全而歸之。第二十三章希言自然。故飄風不終朝，驟雨不終日。孰為此者﹖天地。天地尚不能久，而況於人乎﹖故從事於道者，（道者）同於道，德者同於德，失者同於失。同於道者，道亦樂得之；同於德者，德亦樂得之；同於失者，失亦樂得之。信不足焉，有不信焉。

第二十四章企者不立，跨者不行，自見者不明，自是者不彰，自伐者無功，自矜者不長。其在道也，曰「餘食贅行」。物或惡之，故有道者不處。第二十五章有物混成，先天地生。寂兮寥兮，獨立而不改，周行而不殆，可以為天下母。吾不知其名，字之曰道，強為之名，曰大。大曰逝，逝曰遠，遠曰反。故道大，天大，地大，王亦大。域中有四大，而王居其一焉。人法地，地法天，天法道，道法自然。第二十六章重為輕根，靜為躁君。是以聖人終日行不離輜重。雖有榮觀，燕處超然。奈何萬乘之主，而以身輕天下﹖輕則失本，躁則失君。第二十七章善行無轍跡，善言無瑕謫；善數不用籌策；善閉無關楗而不可開，善結無繩約而不可解。是以聖人常善救人，故無棄人；常善救物，故無棄物，是謂襲明。故善人者，不善人之師；不善人者，善人之資。不貴其師，不愛其資，雖智大迷，是謂要妙。第二十八章知其雄，守其雌，為天下谿。為天下谿，常德不離，復歸於嬰兒。知其白，守其黑，為天下式。為天下式，常德不忒，復歸於無極。知其榮，守其辱，為天下谷，常德乃足，復歸於樸。樸散則為器，聖人用之，則為官長，故大制不割。第二十九章將欲取天下而為之，吾見其不得已。天下神器，不可為也，（不可執也。）為者敗之，執者失之。（是以聖人無為，故無敗；無執，故無失。）故物或行或隨；或歔或吹；或強或羸；或挫或隳。是以聖人去甚，去奢，去泰。第三十章以道佐人主者，不以兵強天下。其事好遠。師之所處，荊棘生焉。大軍之後，必有凶年。善者果而已，不以取強。果而勿矜，果而勿伐，果而勿驕。果而不得已，果而勿強。物壯則老，是謂不道，不道早已。第三十一章夫〔佳〕兵者，不祥之器，物或惡之，故有道者不處。君子居則貴左，用兵則貴右。兵者不祥之器，非君子之器，不得已而用之，恬淡為上。勝而不美，而美之者，是樂殺人。夫樂殺人者，則不可以得志於天下矣。吉事尚左，凶事尚右。偏將軍居左，上將軍居右，言以喪禮處之。殺人之眾，以哀悲泣之，戰勝，以喪禮處之。第三十二章道常無名，樸雖小，天下莫能臣也。侯王若能守之，萬物將自賓。天地相合，以降甘露，民莫之令而自均。始制有名，名亦既有，夫亦將知止，知止所以不殆。譬道之在天下，猶川谷之於江海。第三十三章知人者智，自知者明。勝人者有力，自勝者強。知足者富。強行者有志。不失其所者久。死而不亡者壽。第三十四章大道氾兮，其可左右。萬物恃之而生而不辭，功成不名有。衣養萬物而不為主，常無欲，可名於小；萬物歸焉而不為主，可名為大。以其終不自為大，故能成其大。第三十五章執大象，天下往。往而不害，安平太。樂與餌，過客止。道之出口，淡乎其無味，視之不足見，聽之不足聞，用之不可既。第三十六章將欲歙之，必固張之；將欲弱之，必固強之；將欲廢之，必固興之；將欲奪之，必固與之。是謂微明。柔弱勝剛強。魚不可脫於淵，國之利器不可以示人。第三十七章道常無為而無不為。侯王若能守之，萬物將自化。化而欲作，吾將鎮之以無名之樸。無名之樸，夫亦將無欲。不欲以靜，天下將自定。老子下篇德經（三十八章~八十一章）第三十八章上德不德，是以有德；下德不失德，是以無德。上德無為而無以為；下德為之而有以為。上仁為之而無以為；上義為之而有以為。上禮為之而莫之應，則攘臂而扔之。故失道而後德，失德而後仁，失仁而後義，失義而後禮。夫禮者，忠信之薄，而亂之首。前識者，道之華，而愚之始。是以大丈夫處其厚，不居其薄；處其實，不居其華。故去彼取此。第三十九章昔之得一者，天得一以清，地得一以寧，神得一以靈，谷得一以盈，萬物得一以生，侯王得一以為天下貞。其致之，天無以清將恐裂，地無以寧將恐發，神無以靈將恐歇，谷無以盈將恐竭，萬物無以生將恐滅，侯王無以貴高將恐蹶。故貴以賤為本，高以下為基。是以侯王自稱孤､寡､不穀。此非以賤為本邪﹖非乎﹖故致數輿無輿。不欲琭琭如玉，珞珞如石。第四十章反者道之動，弱者道之用。天下萬物生於有，有生於無。

第四十一章上士聞道，勤而行之；中士聞道，若存若亡；下士聞道，大笑之。不笑，不足以為道。故建言有之﹕明道若昧，進道若退，夷道若纇，上德若谷，大白若辱，廣德若不足，建德若偷，質真若渝，大方無隅，大器晚成，大音希聲，大象無形，道隱無名。夫唯道，善貸且成。第四十二章道生一，一生二，二生三，三生萬物。萬物負陰而抱陽，沖氣以為和。人之所惡，唯孤､寡､不穀，而王公以為稱。故物或損之而益，或益之而損。人之所教，我亦教之。強梁者不得其死，吾將以為教父。第四十三章天下之至柔，馳騁天下之至堅。無有入無閒，吾是以知無為之有益。不言之教，無為之益，天下希及之。第四十四章名與身孰親﹖身與貨孰多﹖得與亡孰病﹖是故甚愛必大費，多藏必厚亡，知足不辱，知止不殆，可以長久。第四十五章大成若缺，其用不弊。大盈若沖，其用不窮。大直若屈，大巧若拙，大辯若訥。靜勝躁，寒勝熱。清靜為天下正。第四十六章天下有道，卻走馬以糞。天下無道，戎馬生於郊。禍莫大於不知足；咎莫大於欲得。故知足之足，常足矣。

第四十七章不出戶，知天下；不窺牖，見天道。其出彌遠，其知彌少。是以聖人不行而知，不見而明，不為而成。第四十八章為學日益，為道日損。損之又損，以至於無為。無為而無不為。取天下常以無事，及其有事，不足以取天下。第四十九章聖人無常心，以百姓心為心。善者，吾善之；不善者，吾亦善之；德善。信者，吾信之；不信者，吾亦信之；德信。聖人在，天下歙歙焉，為天下渾其心，百姓皆注其耳目，聖人皆孩之。第五十章出生入死。生之徒，十有三；死之徒，十有三；人之生，動之死地，亦十有三。夫何故﹖以其生生之厚。蓋聞善攝生者，陸行不遇兕虎，入軍不被甲兵；兕無所投其角，虎無所措其爪，兵無所容其刃。夫何故﹖以其無死地。第五十一章道生之，德畜之，物形之，勢成之。是以萬物莫不尊道而貴德。道之尊，德之貴，夫莫之命而常自然。故道生之，德畜之。長之育之，亭之毒之，養之覆之。生而不有，為而不恃，長而不宰。是謂玄德。第五十二章天下有始，以為天下母。既得其母，以知其子，既知其子，復守其母，沒身不殆。塞其兌，閉其門，終身不勤。開其兌，濟其事，終身不救。見小曰明，守柔曰強。用其光，復歸其明，無遺身殃，是為習常。第五十三章使我介然有知，行於大道，唯施是畏。大道甚夷，而人好徑。朝甚除，田甚蕪，倉甚虛；服文綵，帶利劍，厭飲食，財貨有餘；是為夸盜。非道也哉﹗ 第五十四章善建者不拔，善抱者不脫，子孫以祭祀不輟。修之於身，其德乃真；修之於家，其德乃餘；修之於鄉，其德乃長；修之於國，其德乃豐；修之於天下，其德乃普。故以身觀身，以家觀家，以鄉觀鄉，以國觀國，以天下觀天下。吾何以知天下然哉﹖以此。第五十五章含德之厚，比於赤子。蜂蠆虺蛇不螫，猛獸不據，攫鳥不搏。骨弱筋柔而握固。未知牝牡之合而全作，精之至也。終日號而不嗄，和之至也。知和曰常，知常曰明。益生曰祥。心使氣曰強。物壯則老，謂之不道，不道早已。第五十六章知者不言，言者不知。塞其兌，閉其門，挫其銳，解其分，和其光，同其塵，是謂玄同。故不可得而親，不可得而疏；不可得而利，不可得而害；不可得而貴，不可得而賤。故為天下貴。第五十七章以正治國，以奇用兵，以無事取天下。吾何以知其然哉﹖以此。天下多忌諱，而民彌貧；民多利器，國家滋昏；人多伎巧，奇物滋起；法令滋彰，盜賊多有。故聖人云﹕「我無為，而民自化；我好靜，而民自正；我無事，而民自富；我無欲，而民自樸。」

第五十八章其政悶悶，其民淳淳；其政察察，其民缺缺。禍兮福之所倚，福兮禍之所伏。孰知其極﹖其無正。正復為奇，善復為妖。人之迷，其日固久。是以聖人方而不割，廉而不劌，直而不肆，光而不燿。第五十九章治人事天，莫若嗇。夫唯嗇，是謂早服；早服謂之重積德；重積德則無不克；無不克則莫知其極；莫知其極，可以有國；有國之母，可以長久；是謂深根固柢，長生久視之道。第六十章治大國，若烹小鮮。以道蒞天下，其鬼不神；非其鬼不神，其神不傷人；非其神不傷人，聖人亦不傷人。夫兩不相傷，故德交歸焉。第六十一章大國者下流，天下之交。天下之牝，牝常以靜勝牡，以靜為下。故大國以下小國，則取小國；小國以下大國，則取大國。故或下以取，或下而取。大國不過欲兼畜人，小國不過欲入事人。夫兩者各得其所欲，大者宜為下。第六十二章道者萬物之奧。善人之寶，不善人之所保。美言可以市，尊行可以加人。人之不善，何棄之有﹖故立天子，置三公，雖有拱璧以先駟馬，不如坐進此道。 古之所以貴此道者何﹖不曰﹕以求得，有罪以免邪﹖故為天下貴。第六十三章為無為，事無事，味無味。大小多少，報怨以德。圖難於其易，為大於其細；天下難事必作於易，天下大事必作於細。是以聖人終不為大，故能成其大。夫輕諾必寡信，多易必多難。是以聖人猶難之，故終無難矣。第六十四章其安易持，其未兆易謀。其脆易泮，其微易散。為之於未有，治之於未亂。合抱之木，生於毫末；九層之臺，起於累土；千里之行，始於足下。為者敗之，執者失之。是以聖人無為故無敗，無執故無失。民之從事，常於幾成而敗之。慎終如始，則無敗事。是以聖人欲不欲，不貴難得之貨；學不學，復眾人之所過。以輔萬物之自然，而不敢為。第六十五章古之善為道者，非以明民，將以愚之。民之難治，以其智多。故以智治國，國之賊；不以智治國，國之福。知此兩者亦稽式。常知稽式，是謂玄德。玄德深矣，遠矣，與物反矣，然後乃至大順。第六十六章江海所以能為百谷王者，以其善下之，故能為百谷王。是以欲上民，必以言下之。欲先民，必以身後之。是以聖人處上而民不重，處前而民不害。是以天下樂推而不厭，以其不爭，故天下莫能與之爭。第六十七章天下皆謂我道大，似不肖。夫唯大，故似不肖。若肖，久矣其細也夫﹗我有三寶，持而保之。一曰慈，二曰儉，三曰不敢為天下先。慈故能勇；儉故能廣；不敢為天下先，故能成器長。今舍慈且勇，舍儉且廣，舍後且先，死矣﹗夫慈以戰則勝，以守則固。天將救之，以慈衛之。第六十八章善為士者不武，善戰者不怒，善勝敵者不與，善用人者為之下，是謂不爭之德，是謂用人之力，是謂配天古之極。

第六十九章用兵有言﹕「吾不敢為主而為客，不敢進寸而退尺。」是謂行無行，攘無臂，扔無敵，執無兵。禍莫大於輕敵，輕敵幾喪吾寶。故抗兵相加，哀者勝矣。第七十章吾言甚易知，甚易行。天下莫能知，莫能行。言有宗，事有君。夫唯無知，是以不我知。知我者希，則我者貴。是以聖人被褐懷玉。第七十一章知不知上，不知知病。夫唯病病，是以不病。聖人不病，以其病病，是以不病。第七十二章民不畏威，則大威至。無狎其所居，無厭其所生。夫唯不厭，是以不厭。是以聖人自知不自見；自愛不自貴。故去彼取此。第七十三章勇於敢則殺，勇於不敢則活。此兩者，或利或害。天之所惡，孰知其故？是以聖人猶難之。天之道，不爭而善勝，不言而善應，不召而自來，繟然而善謀。天網恢恢，疏而不失。第七十四章民不畏死，奈何以死懼之？若使民常畏死，而為奇者，吾得執而殺之，孰敢？常有司殺者殺。夫代司殺者殺，是謂代大匠斲，夫代大匠斲者，希有不傷其手矣。第七十五章民之饑，以其上食稅之多，是以饑。民之難治，以其上之有為，是以難治。民之輕死，以其求生之厚，是以輕死。夫唯無以生為者，是賢於貴生。第七十六章人之生也柔弱，其死也堅強。萬物草木之生也柔脆，其死也枯槁。故堅強者死之徒，柔弱者生之徒。是以兵強則不勝，木強則兵。強大處下，柔弱處上。第七十七章天之道，其猶張弓與﹖高者抑之，下者舉之；有餘者損之，不足者補之。天之道，損有餘而補不足。人之道則不然，損不足以奉有餘。孰能有餘以奉天下，唯有道者。是以聖人為而不恃，功成而不處，其不欲見賢。第七十八章天下莫柔弱於水，而攻堅強者莫之能勝，以其無以易之。弱之勝強，柔之勝剛，天下莫不知莫能行。是以聖人云﹕「受國之垢，是謂社稷主；受國不祥，是為天下王。」正言若反。第七十九章和大怨，必有餘怨，安可以為善﹖是以聖人執左契，而不責於人。有德司契，無德司徹。天道無親，常與善人。第八十章小國寡民。使有什伯之器而不用，使民重死而不遠徙。雖有舟輿，無所乘之，雖有甲兵，無所陳之。使人復結繩而用之，甘其食，美其服，安其居，樂其俗。鄰國相望，雞犬之聲相聞，民至老死，不相往來。第八十一章信言不美，美言不信。善者不辯，辯者不善。知者不博，博者不知。聖人不積，既以為人己愈有，既以與人己愈多。天之道，利而不害；聖人之道，為而不爭。

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