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Title: The Veterinarian

Author: Charles James Korinek

Release date: January 4, 2007 [eBook #20279]

Language: English

Credits: Produced by Don Kostuch

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE VETERINARIAN ***

[Transcriber's Notes]

Here are the definitions of some unfamiliar (to me) words.

Aloin

Intensely bitter, crystalline, water-soluble powder obtained from aloe,

used chiefly as a purgative.

Anise

Annual, aromatic Mediterranean herb (Pimpinella anisum) cultivated for

its fruit and the oil obtained from it; used to flavor foods, liqueurs,

and candies.

Arecoline

Toxic alkaloid obtained from the seeds of the areca, used in veterinary

medicine to kill and expel intestinal worms.

Asafoetida (Asafetida)

Fetid gum resin of various Asian plants of the genus Ferula (especially

F. assafoetida, F. foetida, or F. narthex) occurring in the form of

tears and dark-colored masses, having a strong odor and taste. Formerly

used in medicine as an antispasmodic and a general prophylactic against

disease.

Bismuth Subnitrate

White bismuth-containing powder Bi5O(OH)9(NO3)4 used in treating

gastrointestinal disorders.

Bistoury

Long, narrow-bladed knife used to open abscesses or to slit sinuses and

fistulas.

Boracic Acid

Also called boric acid or orthoboric acid. H3BO3.

Used in medicine in aqueous [water] solution as a mild antiseptic.

Caeca

Large blind pouch forming the beginning of the large intestine.

Calomel

Mercurous chloride, Hg2Cl2. White, tasteless powder, used as a purgative

and fungicide.

Cantharides

Also called Spanish fly. Preparation of powdered blister beetles (the

Spanish fly), used medicinally as a counterirritant, diuretic, and

aphrodisiac.

Camphor

Whitish, translucent, crystalline, pleasant-odored terpene ketone,

C10H16O, obtained from the camphor tree. Used in medicine as a

counter-irritant for infections and to treat pain and itching.

Carbolic Acid

Called phenol, hydroxybenzene, oxybenzene, phenylic acid.

White, crystalline, water-soluble, poisonous mass, C6H5OH

Used chiefly as a disinfectant and antiseptic.

Cascara Sagrada

Bark of the cascara [buckthorn (Rhamnus purshiana) native to northwest

North America], used as a cathartic or laxative.

Catechu

Several astringent substances obtained from tropical plants, including

Acacia catechu and A. suma; used in medicine, dyeing, tanning, etc.

Chloral Hydrate

Colorless crystalline compound, CCl3CH(OH)2, used as a sedative.

Cloaca

Common cavity into which the intestinal, urinary, and generative canals

open in birds, reptiles, amphibians and many fishes.

Creosote

Colorless to yellowish oily liquid containing phenols and creosols,

obtained by the destructive distillation of wood tar, especially from

the wood of a beech, and formerly used as an expectorant in treating

chronic bronchitis.

Crepitating

Crackling or popping sound.

Drench

Administer medicine to an animal by force.

Dropsical

Edematous; swollen with an excessive accumulation of fluid.

Extravasation

To force the flow of (blood or lymph) from a vessel out into surrounding

tissue.

Fenugreek

Trigonella foenum-graecum; Plant of the legume family, cultivated for

forage and for its mucilaginous seeds used in medicine.

Fomenting

Application of warm liquid, ointments, etc., to the surface of the body.

Fowler's Solution

Aqueous solution of potassium arsenite used in medicine to treat some

diseases of the blood or skin.

Frog

Triangular mass of elastic, horny substance in the middle of the sole of

the foot of a horse.

Gentian

Rhizome [root-like subterranean stem] and roots of a yellow-flowered

gentian (Gentiana lutea) of southern Europe used as a tonic and

stomachic [beneficial to the stomach].

Glauber's salt,

Sodium sulfate decahydrate, Na2SO4.10H2O; also called mirabilite; used

in medicine as a mild laxative.

Iodoform

Triiodomethane. Yellowish, crystalline, water-insoluble solid, CHI3.

Analogous to chloroform,  used as an antiseptic.

Methylene blue

Heterocyclic (ring structure with atoms besides carbon, such as sulfur,

oxygen, nitrogen,) aromatic chemical compound with the molecular

formula: C16H18ClN3S.

Middlings

Coarsely ground wheat mixed with bran.

Nitrate of Potash

Potassium nitrate, a mineral source of nitrogen. KNO3.

Also called saltpetre.

Nux Vomica

Orangelike fruit of an East Indian tree, Strychnos nux-vomica, of the

logania family, containing strychnine, used in medicine.

Origanum

Aromatic plants, including the sweet marjoram (O. Marjorana) and the

wild marjoram (O. vulgare).

Pastern

Part of the foot of a horse, cow, etc., between the fetlock and the

hoof.

Petechial

Small purplish spot on a body surface, such as the skin or a mucous

membrane, caused by a minute hemorrhage.

Physic

Medicine that purges; cathartic; laxative.

Poultice

Soft, moist mass of cloth, bread, meal, herbs, etc., applied hot as a

medicament to the body.

Probang

Long, slender, elastic rod with a sponge at the end, to be introduced

into the esophagus or larynx to remove foreign bodies or introduce

medication.

Quassia

Shrub or small tree, Quassia amara, of tropical America, having wood

with a bitter taste. Also called bitterwood.

A prepared form of the heartwood of these trees, used as an insecticide

and in medicine as a tonic to dispel intestinal worms.

Santonin

Colorless crystalline compound, C15H18O3, from wormwood, especially

santonica; used to destroy or eliminate parasitic worms.

Shoat (shote)

Young pig just after weaning.

Singletree

Crossbar, pivoted at the middle, to which the traces of a harness are

fastened for pulling a cart, carriage, plow, etc.

Sugar of Lead (lead acetate)

White, crystalline, water-soluble, poisonous solid, Pb(C2H3O2)2.3H2O;

formerly used in medicine as an astringent.

Sweet Oil

Vegetable oil used as food; especially olive or rape (Brassica napus)

oil.

Tannic Acid

Lustrous, yellow-brown, amorphous tannin, having the chemical

composition C76H52O46. Derived from the bark and fruit of many plants;

used as an astringent [contracts the tissues or canals of the body].

Thrifty

Thriving physically; growing vigorously.

Tincture

Solution of alcohol or of alcohol and water.

Vent

Anal or excretory opening of birds and reptiles.

[End Transcriber's Notes]

The Veterinarian

Chas. J. Korinek, V.S.

Compliments of

Central Lumber Co.

Lumber and Building Material

Of Every Description

General Office, 846 McKnight Building

Minneapolis, Minn.

STATE OF OREGON

TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME--GREETINGS

Know Ye, That reposing special trust and confidence in the capacity, and

fidelity of  Charles J. Korinek, of Salem, Oregon, we, Geo. E.

Chamberline, Governor, F. W. Benson, Secretary of State, and W. H.

Downing, President of the State Board of  Agriculture, the Oregon

Domestic Animal Commission, in the name and by the authority of the

statute of the State of Oregon, do by these presence APPOINT AND

COMMISSION him, the said C. J. Korinek Veterinary Surgeon for the State

of Oregon for Term Ending July 1, 1909.

In Testimony Whereof, we have caused the Great Seal of the State to be

affixed at the City of Salem, Oregon, this 2nd day of July in the year

of our Lord one thousand nine hundred and seven.

Signed Geo. E. Chamberline, Governor.

Signed F. W. Benson, Secretary, of State.

Signed W. H. Downing, State Treasurer

[Seal of the State of Oregon]

THE VETERINARIAN

DR. CHAS. J. KORINEK

Graduate of Ontario Veterinary College of University of Toronto.

Ex-State Veterinarian of Oregon, Ex-President

Oregon State Veterinary Medical Board

Hon. Member Ontario Veterinary Medical Association

FOURTH EDITION

PUBLISHED BY

THE GERLACH-BARKLOW CO.

JOLIET, ILLINOIS, U. S. A.

and Toronto, Canada

1917

COPYRIGHTED 1915

BY

CHAS. J. KORINEK, V. S.

BRITISH COPYRIGHTS SECURED

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

FOREWORD

This treatise on the diseases of domestic animals has been written with

the primary purpose of placing in the hands of stock owners, a book of

practical worth; hence, all technical language or terms, as used by the

professional veterinarian, have been eliminated and only such language

used as all may read and understand.

The treatment suggested in each case is one I have used and found

efficient in my many years of practice.

If my readers will study and follow these directions carefully, they

will save themselves much unnecessary loss. My confidence in this

accomplishment is my reward for my labor in behalf of our dumb

friends--the domestic animals.

THE AUTHOR

CONTENTS

CHAPTER I     DISEASES OF THE HORSE

CHAPTER II    DISEASES OF CATTLE

CHAPTER III   DISEASES OF SWINE

CHAPTER IV    DISEASES OF SHEEP AND GOATS

CHAPTER V     DISEASES OF POULTRY

CHAPTER VI    MISCELLANEOUS

ILLUSTRATIONS

POINTS OF HORSE

HACKNEY STALLION

CLYDESDALE STALLION

ARABIAN HORSES

BELGIAN STALLION

SADDLE STALLION

PERCHERON STALLIONS

POINTS OF DAIRY COW

DAIRY HERD

GALLOWAY BULL

JERSEY COW

HEREFORD BULL

GUERNSEY COW

SHORTHORN BULL

AYRSHIRE COWS

HOLSTEIN COW

POINTS OF HOG

CHESTER WHITES

DUROC BOAR

POLAND CHINA BOAR

BERKSHIRE BOAR

POINTS OF SHEEP

DELAINE MERINO RAM AND EWES

SHROPSHIRE RAM

COTSWOLD EWES

WHITE PLYMOUTH ROCKS

BUFF ORPINGTON HEN

PLYMOUTH ROCK COCK

WHITE LEGHORN HEN

COLUMBIAN WYANDOTTE COCK

DISEASES OF THE HORSE

Causes, Symptoms and Treatments

LOCATION OF PARTS OF THE HORSE

1. Mouth

2. Nostrils

3. Nose

4. Face

5. Eyes

6. Forehead

7. Ears

8. Poll

9. Throat latch

10. Jaw

11. Chin

12. Windpipe

13. Neck

14. Crest

15. Withers

16. Shoulder bed

17. Chest

18. Shoulders

19. Forearm

20. Knees

21. Cannon

22. Fetlocks

23. Pasterns

24. Feet

25. Feather

25-1/2. Elbow

26. Flank

27. Heart Girth

28. Back

29. Loin

30. Hip bone

31. Coupling

32. Ribs

33. Belly

34. Rear Flank

35. Stifle

36. Thigh

37. Buttocks

38. Croup

39. Tail

40. Quarters

41. Gaskin or Lower Thigh

42. Hocks

CHAPTER I

ABORTION IN MARES

CAUSE: Quality and quantity of food, poorly lighted, ventilated or

drained stables, mare falling or slipping, sprains, kicks, hard, fast

work or eating poisonous vegetation.

SYMPTOMS: Mare will show signs of colic, the outer portion of the womb

will be swollen, and if the colicky symptoms continue there will be a

watery discharge and the membranes covering the foetus or foal will

become noticeable. The animal strains when lying down or getting up.

TREATMENT: Place the animal in comfortable quarters and blanket if

chilly. When colicky pains are present treat the same as for spasmodic

colic. To stop the straining and labor pains, give Tincture Opii one

ounce, placing in gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun every two

hours. One to two doses, however, are generally sufficient as the mare

will either abort or the dangerous period will have passed. Keep the

animal quiet and feed good nutritious food and pure water with chill

taken off in small quantities but often. Disinfect the mare's quarters

thoroughly. A good general tonic should be used in this condition, one

that will strengthen and assist nature to throw off impurities from the

blood, such as Sodium Hyposulphite, eight ounces; Potassi Iodide, one

ounce. Make into eight powders and give one powder two or three times a

day in drinking water.

ABSCESS

CAUSE: Bruises and injuries. Abscesses are also seen in complications

with various diseases, perhaps the most common being distemper,

laryngitis, etc.

SYMPTOMS: Symptoms will vary, of course, according to the development of

the disease. It may not be noticed at first, but upon careful

examination small tortuous lines will be observed running from the point

of irritation. In many cases a swelling is noticed which is hot, painful

and throbbing and enlarges rapidly. In two or three days the soreness

and heat gradually subside, but the abscess continues to grow. The hair

falls from the affected parts and in a short time the abscess

discharges, and the cavity gradually fills up and heals by granulation.

TREATMENT: In all cases hasten the repairing process as much as possible

by applying hot water packs or hot bran, flaxseed or vegetable

poultices. It is common with veterinarians to lance an abscess as soon

as possible, but this requires skill and practice. I could not advise

stockowners to perform this operation, as it requires exact knowledge of

anatomy. It will usually be found a safe plan to encourage the full

ripening of an abscess and allow it to open of its own accord, as it

will heal much better and quicker and you take no chances of infection

with an instrument. When opened do not squeeze the abscess to any

extent, but press gently with clean hands or cloth, to remove the clot,

and after this simply keep open by washing the abscess with a three per

cent Carbolic Acid solution or Bichloride of Mercury, one part to one

thousand parts of water. When an animal has abscesses it is well to give

the following blood purifiers or internal antiseptics: Hyposulphite of

Soda, eight ounces; Potassi Iodide, one ounce. Mix well and make into

eight powders and give one powder twice daily in drinking water, or

place in gelatin capsule and administer with capsule gun. This

prescription will prevent the absorption of impurities from the abscess

into the blood.

ANEMIA

CAUSE: Insufficient quality and quantity of food, insanitary

surroundings, overwork, lack of exercise, drains on the system from

acute or chronic diseases, worms; and can also be brought about by

excessive heat, cold or pressure and lessening of the calibre of the

arteries, poisons in the blood, suppurating wounds, repeated purging or

bleedings.

SYMPTOMS: The visible mucous membranes of the nose, eyes and mouth are

pale and sometimes have a yellow appearance. There is weakness,

temperature of the body is lower than normal; pulse weak, legs cold to

the feet, cold sweats are often present, breathing is quickened,

especially in its last stages, animals tire easily, appetite and

digestion become poor, swelling of the legs and the under surface of the

abdomen, sheath and udder; the skin becomes rough and dry.

TREATMENT: Remove the cause if possible in its first stages, or when

first noticed. Give a physic of Calomel, two scruples; Aloin, two drams;

Pulv. Gentian, two drams; Ginger, two drams. Place in gelatin capsule

and give at one dose with capsule gun. Also, administer the following:

Arsenious Acid, one dram; Ferri Sulphate, three ounces; Pulv. Gentian,

three ounces; Pulv. Fenugreek Seed, three ounces, and Pulv. Anise Seed,

three ounces. Mix well and make into twenty powders. Give one powder

three times a day in feed, or place in gelatin capsule and give with

capsule gun. Endeavor to build up the condition of the animal by the

proper quantity and quality of food. Give pure water to drink, also

provide sanitary conditions, as pure air, sunlight if possible. Turn out

to grass when the weather is favorable. This treatment should be

continued until the animal shows sign of improvement. However, the

administration of physics should be given with great care so as not to

produce superpurgation of the bowels (scours), as physics in this

condition would tend to weaken the animal.

It is to be borne in mind that pure water and nourishing food play a

very important part in the treatment of Anemia.

APHTHAE

(Sore mouth and tongue--Pustular Stomatitis)

CAUSE: Superficial eruptions of the mucous membranes of the mouth and

tongue. Frequently seen during convalescence of intermittent fever. This

condition may also follow diseases of the digestive system, as

Indigestion, etc., due to the blood absorbing toxic materials which

break out in the form of pustules about the mouth and the whole

alimentary canal (stomach and intestines).

SYMPTOMS: The appetite is impaired, the mouth hot, the pulse not much

affected as a rule, the temperature is slightly elevated, the animal is

unable to masticate, and small vesicles appear and eventually terminate

into pustules and burst and discharge a small amount of pus at the parts

where the sores are the deepest.

TREATMENT: Remove the cause if possible. Feed clean, soft food that is

easily digested, as hot wheat bran mashes and steamed rolled oats,

vegetables, etc. For a mouth-wash dissolve the following: One dram of

Copper Sulphate, one dram of Chlorate of Potash, one dram of Boracic

Acid in clean hot water, and syringe out the mouth two or three times a

day. To the drinking water add one ounce of Hyposulphite of Soda twice a

day. Where the appetite is impaired, administer the following: Pulv. Nux

Vomica, Pulv. Gentian Root, Pulv. Iron, Pulv. Nitrate of Potash each two

ounces. Mix and make into sixteen capsules and give one capsule three

times a day with capsule gun.

AZOTURIA

CAUSE: This disease is usually due to work after a period of idleness,

during which the animal has been liberally fed. It is found principally

among highly-fed draft horses, and never in animals which are regularly

worked. Light breeds of horses are also susceptible to this disease.

SYMPTOMS: Attack is sudden and usually appears when the horse has

traveled a short distance after having been stabled for a few days. The

characteristic symptoms of this disease in an animal are: Excitability

without apparent cause; actions seem to indicate injury of the hind

quarters or loins. Animal has a peculiar goose-rumped look, owing to the

muscles over the quarters being violently contracted, and are hard on

pressure. One hind limb is generally advanced in front of the other, and

on attempting to put weight on it, the hind quarters will drop until at

times the hocks almost touch the ground. Sometimes a front leg is

affected. The breathing is hurried. Animal is bathed in sweat, and is in

such agony that it will seize almost anything with its teeth. Although

the pulse is hard and frequent, the internal temperature, even in severe

cases, seldom rises to any marked extent. The urine is dark-red to

dirty-brown color. Owing to the stoppage of the worm-like movement of

the bowels, there is generally constipation and retention of the urine.

Sometimes the symptoms are milder than here described. In other cases

the animal soon falls to the ground and continues to struggle in a

delirious, half-paralyzed state until he dies. Sometimes this disease is

mistaken for colic or acute indigestion, but it can be readily

distinguished by the color of the urine.

TREATMENT: At the first symptom, stop and blanket the animal and let

stand from one to three hours. Then move to the nearest shelter, keeping

the animal as quiet and comfortable, as possible, as excitement

aggravates the disease. Give Aloin, two drams; Ginger, two drams; in

capsule, and administer with capsule gun. Also, give the following

prescription: Potassi Nitrate, eight ounces; Sodii Bicarbonate, eight

ounces; Potassi Iodide, one and one-half ounces. Mix well and make into

thirty-two powders. Give one powder in drinking water every four hours,

or in capsule, and give with capsule gun. Injections of soap and warm

water per rectum are beneficial. Immerse a blanket in hot water and

place over loins, then covering with a dry blanket, or, if this is

impossible, apply the following liniment: Aqua Ammonia Fort., two

ounces; Turpentine, two ounces; Sweet Oil, four ounces, and rub in like

a shampoo over the loins. It may be necessary to draw off the urine,

which is sometimes retained, and it is best to secure the services of a

skilled veterinarian if, such is the case. Allow the animal to drink

often, though in small quantities, of pure water with the chill taken

off. If he is unable to stand on his feet it is well to turn him from

side to side every six hours. It is also advisable to fill bags with hay

and place against his shoulders to prevent him from lying flat on his

side, as this may cause congestion of the lungs. Avoid drenching--it is

dangerous. Should the animal show signs of uneasiness, give one ounce of

Potassi Bromide in the drinking water every four hours until the

excitement has subsided.

BARRENNESS

(Failure to Breed)

CAUSE: Contraction of the neck of the womb, growths on or in the

ovaries, Whites or Leucorrhea. The first is the only form of barrenness

which responds readily to treatment.

SYMPTOMS: A mare may come in heat normally, or stay in heat continually,

or not come in heat at all.

TREATMENT: Wash the hands in some antiseptic solution, such as Carbolic

Acid or Bichloride of Mercury and see that the finger-nails are smooth.

Grease the hand and arm with vaseline and proceed to dilate the neck of

the womb. It may be difficult at first to insert the finger, but the

opening will gradually enlarge. Work slowly and carefully until three

fingers may be inserted. Breeding should follow about three hours after

the womb has been dilated.

BLEEDING AFTER CASTRATION

If bleeding is from the little artery in the back portion of cord, it

will generally stop of its own accord, but if it should continue to

bleed for thirty minutes, I throw clean, cold water against the part.

When bleeding is from the large artery in front of the cord, it is

considered dangerous. The artery should be tied with a silk thread if

possible, or twisted with a pair of forceps. Occasionally the artery

cannot be found, in which case the hole in the scrotum should be plugged

with a clean cloth saturated with Tincture of Iron, which will clot the

blood and thus close the artery.

BLOOD POISONING

(Septicaemia or Pyemia)

CAUSE: By the popular term, "Blood Poison," is meant a state of

constitutional disturbance brought on by the entrance of putrid

products--usually from a wound--into the blood. As a rule some pressure

or inoculation is necessary for the introduction of poison into the

circulation; hence, the necessity of free drainage and thorough

disinfection of the wound, and the only hopeful cases are those in which

by this means the supply of poison may be cut short.

SYMPTOMS: It is introduced through any wound or abrasion, whether due to

injury, disease or by an operation. Signs of septic poison are heat,

pain and swelling.

TREATMENT: It is necessary to see that the wound has good drainage, and

wash with Carbolic Acid, one tablespoonful to one pint of distilled

water or Bichloride of Mercury perhaps is the best in an infected wound.

Apply one part to one thousand parts water. Also, give internally,

Potassi Iodide, one ounce; Sodii Hyposulphite, eight ounces. Make into

eight powders and give one powder two or three times a day in their

drinking water or in capsule, and give with capsule gun. This is an

intestinal antiseptic which is very valuable in the treatment of Blood

Poisoning. Feed soft, laxative food and green grass, if possible.

BONE SPAVIN

CAUSE: Sprains of the hock from falling, slipping, jumping, pulling,

traveling on uneven roads, falling through bridges, etc.

Since Spavin is due to causes which come into existence after birth, it

cannot be regarded as an hereditary disease. Hereditary predisposition,

however, is largely accountable for its appearance. In the first place,

the process of evolution in the horse, which is a single-toed animal,

descended from a five-toed ancestor, predisposes him to suffer from

union of the bones of the hock, just as it predisposes him to splints.

The weaker the bones of the hock in comparison to the weight of the body

the more inclined will the animal naturally be to contract Spavin.

SYMPTOMS: Spasmodic catching up of the spavined limb, the moment the

heel of the foot touches the ground, something after the manner of

string-halt. At times the stiffness can be observed only when the animal

is pushed from one side of the stall to the other. Spavin may often be

detected when riding a horse down a steep hill from the fact that he

drags the toe.

The time of all others when a spavined horse will be apt to show his

lameness will be the day following a hard day's work, and when he makes

his first move from the stable in the morning is the proper moment for

examination. Therefore, you should be prepared to form judgment quickly

in these cases, for the longer the animal is trotted up and down the

less lame will he generally become.

We may have a visible sign of Spavin, swelling and hardness of the part,

without lameness. If there be heat and tenderness on pressure, lameness

will almost always be present. A careful comparison should be made of

the hocks.

TREATMENT: An important factor in treating Spavin is keeping the animal

quiet. This can be accomplished by placing the animal in a very narrow

stall, carrying his feed and drinking water for a month or six weeks,

and apply the following ointment: Red Iodide of Mercury, two drams;

Pulverized Cantharides, three drams; Turpentine, thirty minims; Pine

Tar, two drams; lard, two ounces. Mix well and rub in well for twenty

minutes every forty-eight hours until three applications have been

applied. Repeat this treatment again in two weeks, and grease well with

lard.

To cure a bone spavin it is necessary to unite two or more bones of the

hock, and a fractured bone cannot unite if moved frequently. The same

thing exists in bone spavin as in a fractured bone, only we have no

ragged edges like that of a fractured bone to unite; therefore, keep the

animal quiet. The younger the animal the easier the spavin is to treat,

because the bones hardened with age contain more mineral matter and less

flexible animal matter. While treating the animal, feed food that is

easily digested.

BOG SPAVIN

CAUSE: Faulty conformation, slipping, falling through a bridge or

culvert; large loosely built draft horses are prone to this blemish. Bog

Spavin is hereditary, and you should, therefore, select a good type of

animal for breeding purposes.

SYMPTOMS: A puffy swelling located in front and on the inside of the

hock, varying from the size of a walnut to that of a man's fist. It very

seldom causes lameness, but is a serious disfigurement and blemish.

TREATMENT: Treatment is not satisfactory unless taken in its first

stages and when the animal is young. If there is heat, pain and

swelling, apply cold water or ice packs until the inflammation has left

the parts. Then use the following prescription: Tincture of Iodine, two

ounces; Gum Camphor, two ounces; Gasolene, one pint. Mix and shake well

before applying with a nail or tooth brush twice a week.

I may add that I have derived some wonderful results in treatment of Bog

Spavin with the above mentioned prescription in both young and old

animals, and perhaps it will be well to use it on both young and old

animals in both acute and chronic forms of Bog Spavin.

BOTS

(Gastrophilis)

Effect of Bots on the Health of Horses

Although the presence of bots inside of a horse can be of no possible

advantage to him, their presence, when in small numbers, as a rule

produce very little or no ill effect in the horse, but if their number

be large they cannot help being a source of debility and irritation. In

practically all cases they produce indigestion, especially among young

horses, also loss of condition, colic and even death.

CAUSE: By the bot flies, which lay their eggs during the autumn on the

skin and hair of the horses. These eggs on becoming hatched (in from 20

to 25 days) produce small worms which irritate the skin by their

movements and thus cause the horse to lick them off and to take them

into his mouth, with the result that they gain access to various parts

of the intestinal canal.  The bot having selected its place of

residence, attaches itself to the membranes lining the stomach and

intestines, and derives its sustenance during its stay from the wound

made by its hooks. In the summer the larva, after living inside the

horse for about ten months, quits its hold and is expelled with the

feces. Having concealed itself near the surface of the ground it becomes

changed into a chrysalis from which the gadfly issues after an inactive

existence of from thirty to forty days. The female fly becomes

impregnated, lays her eggs on those parts of the horse from which they

can be most easily licked off, and thus completes her cycle of

existence.

SYMPTOMS: Membranes about the eyes and mouth are very pale, as though

the animal had lost a large quantity of blood; they will also be subject

to colicky attacks, hair faded, dull, rough appearance, appetite poor

and manifests a pot belly.

PREVENTION: The best means of prevention are spraying your horses with

the following fly repellant: Crude Carbolic Acid, 10%; Oil of Tar, 25%;

Crude Oil, 65%. Mix thoroughly. This prevents the gadfly from depositing

her eggs on the animals.

TREATMENT: Withhold all food for twenty-four hours, then administer Oil

of Turpentine, one ounce; place in a gelatin capsule and give with

capsule gun. Follow this in six hours with a physic consisting of Aloin,

two drams; Ginger, two drams. Place in a gelatin capsule and give with

capsule gun. Repeat the above treatment in a week or ten days to insure

the expulsion of Bots that might have escaped the first treatment.

HACKNEY STALLION BAGTHORP SULTAN, FIRST INTERNATIONAL SHOW.

Owned by Henry Fairfax of Virginia.

BRONCHITIS

CAUSE: It may be the result of debility, constitutional diseases,

inhalation of impure air, smoke, or gases. Sometimes brought on by

drenching by the escape of liquid into the windpipe; remember, a horse

cannot breathe through his mouth. It may also be caused by sudden chill,

foreign bodies in windpipe, micro organisms, or it may be associated

with influenza, glanders, lung fever, etc.

SYMPTOMS: Sore throat, loss of appetite, thirst, animal appears dull,

membranes of the mouth, eyes and nose are reddened; urine is scanty and

highly colored; cough dry and husky. After two or three days the cough

becomes looser and, a frothy, sticky mucus of a yellowish color is

present. This gradually becomes pus-like, after which the animal seems

somewhat relieved. In the first stages the pulse is soft and weak, but

frequently the temperature is high, ranging from 105 to 106 degrees F.;

the breathing is quick and more or less difficult.

TREATMENT: Place the horse in a clean, comfortable, well ventilated

stall, exclude drafts, blanket if the weather is chilly. Also, hand rub

the legs and bandage them. Inhalations from steam of hot water and

Turpentine are beneficial. Also administer Chlorate of Potassi, two

ounces; Nitrate of Potash, two ounces; Tannic Acid, one ounce. Mix this

with a pint of black-strap molasses and give about one tablespoonful

well back on the tongue with a wooden paddle every six hours. In severe

attacks of Bronchitis it is well to apply a liniment consisting of

Turpentine, Aqua-Ammonia Fort., and raw Linseed Oil, each four ounces;

mix well and apply to the throat and down the windpipe once or twice a

day. The animal should be fed on soft food, such as hot bran mashes,

grass, carrots, kale, apples or steamed rolled oats. After the acute

symptoms of the disease disappear, give Pulverized Gentian Root, one

ounce; Nux Vomica, two ounces; Nitrate of Potash, three ounces;

Pulverized Fenugreek Seed, six ounces. Mix and give one tablespoonful

three times a day in the feed or in a gelatin capsule and administer

with a capsule gun.

CAPPED KNEE

CAUSE: Bruises from pawing or striking objects with the knee, falling on

the ground, etc., are perhaps the most common causes.

SYMPTOMS: It may be a simple bruise, or it may be a severe wound. There

is always swelling, heat and pain present. The joint becomes stiff and

interferes with the movement of the leg. Under careful treatment the

swelling and enlargement disappear.

TREATMENT: Relieve the inflammation and clean the wound by fomenting

with hot water, to which add a few drops of Carbolic Acid. If the wound

is very large, trim off the ragged edges with a pair of scissors and

apply the following: Boracic Acid, two ounces; Iodoform, one ounce;

Tannic Acid, one ounce. Powder finely, mix and apply two or three times

a day. If the skin is not broken, apply cold water or ice packs until

the inflammation has subsided; then use the following: Tincture of

Iodine, one ounce; Camphor, two ounces, and Gasolene, eight ounces.

Apply with nail or toothbrush every thirty-six hours until the

enlargement has disappeared.

CAPPED HOCK

CAUSE: Some horses have the habit of rubbing or striking their hocks

against the partition of their stalls. May also be produced by kicks

from other horses, or hocks may be bruised by the singletree.

SYMPTOMS: An enlargement at the point of the hock, which may run up

along the tendons and muscles of the leg. Repeated injuries cause the

hock to enlarge and become flabby, and in some cases it contains a

bloody serum or pus.

TREATMENT: Do not attempt to lance the puffy swelling on the point of

the hock, as you may produce an open joint, which is very difficult to

treat, and chances are that you would lose the animal.

The treatment that I would recommend is to find out the true cause and

remove it. When the puffy swelling is swollen, hot and painful, apply

cold water or ice packs. When the heat and pain have subsided apply the

following: Tincture of Iodine, two ounces; Gum Camphor, two ounces,

dissolved in one pint of Gasolene. Shake the contents of the bottle

before using each time and apply with a nail or toothbrush every

forty-eight hours. This is very penetrating and will remove the

enlargement or absorb fluids that might have accumulated from the result

of the bruise.

CHOKING

This term applies to obstruction of the gullet as well as that of the

windpipe.

CAUSE: Too rapid eating, by which pieces of carrots or other roots, or a

quantity of dry food become lodged in the gullet. Although obstructions

of the windpipe caused while drenching, or food entering the lungs, will

kill an animal in a very short time, obstructions in the gullet may not

prove fatal for several days.

TREATMENT: No time should be lost in attempting to remove the

obstruction from the gullet. It may be dislodged by gently manipulating

the gullet. If unsuccessful in dislodging the obstruction in this

manner, secure the services of a competent veterinarian. He will use a

probang, an instrument made for this purpose, or inject Sweet or Olive

Oil into the gullet with a hypodermic syringe, or give hypodermic

injections of Arecoline. In administering drenches with the object of

dislodging obstructions in the gullet, you must remember that the

liquids used are apt to go the wrong way, that is to say, enter the

lungs, and give rise to lung complications, as lung fever, bronchitis,

etc. Obstructions of solid substance in the windpipe generally cause

death very shortly. When liquids enter the lungs, death is not so apt to

occur, as the animal may live several days, and sometimes even get well.

They should be treated the same as for lung fever.

CRACKED HEELS

CAUSE: There is little doubt in my mind that ammonia, which is so

plentifully found in ill-kept stables, is the chief cause of cracked

heels. The action of ammonia on the skin renders it soft and pulpy, and

diminishes its strength by separating the layers of which it is

composed.

SYMPTOMS: When inflammation is set up in the part, the secretion of

natural oil is interfered with and cracks usually occur in the place

where the skin becomes wrinkled when the pastern joint is bent. The

discharge from cracked heels has an offensive smell. In early stages

there is extreme heat and swelling, there is pain and lameness, which

usually disappear as the case becomes chronic.

TREATMENT: Keep the affected parts clean as possible, if there is

extreme inflammation present. Apply hot poultice made from bran or

flaxseed meal. When the inflammation subsides, apply Zinc Ointment twice

daily. Before applying each application of ointment, wash with Warm

Water and Castile Soap. Feed carrots, green grass, if possible, also hot

bran mashes or steam rolled oats each morning. Sometimes it is well to

give a physic, and I would recommend Aloin, one and one-half drams;

Ginger, two drams. A physic has very good effect in reducing the

swelling of the legs.

COFFIN-JOINT LAMENESS

(Navicular Disease)

CAUSE: Driving young animals on hard roads. Always found in the front

feet, owing no doubt to the fact the front feet support largely the

weight of the body.

SYMPTOMS: The symptoms are very hard to detect. As a rule the animal

will point the affected foot when at rest even before there is any

lameness present. While at work he apparently goes sound, but when

placed in the stable, or when stopped on hard ground, one foot will be

set out in front of the other and resting on the toe. It will be noticed

that the animal takes a few lame steps and then goes well again. Again

he may be lame for a day, or he may leave the stable in the morning

apparently well and sound and go lame during the day. In the course of

time he will develop a severe case of lameness, which may last for five

or six days. These spells are intermittent and finally he becomes

permanently lame, and the more he is driven the greater the lameness,

and he steps short, wears the toe of the shoe, stumbles, falls on his

knees when the road is rough. Sometimes both front feet are affected and

the shoulders will be stiff. When put to work he sweats from pain; there

will be extreme heat about the foot, and he will flinch from pressure.

Comparatively few recoveries are made from this disease.

TREATMENT: First remove the shoe. If the foot is inflamed, poultice with

hot bran or flaxseed meal. After the inflammation disappears, clean the

foot well, clip the hair from around the top of the hoof and use the

following: Red Iodide of Mercury, two drams; Pulverized Cantharides,

four drams; Turpentine, thirty drops; Lard, two ounces. Mix well and

apply every forty-eight hours, rubbing in well for twenty minutes each

time. After three or four applications have been applied, turn the

animal out to pasture. Repeat this treatment again in a month or so.

Animals affected with this disease should be put to slow and easy work

on soft ground, and carefully shod. This disease is unsatisfactorily

treated and only a few cases recover when the best care is taken.

CORNS

CAUSE: Dry feet, increased pressure from ill fitting shoes, or high

heeled shoes, which tend to contract the heels and produce corns. Wide

flat feet are predisposed to bruises which terminate in corns.

SYMPTOMS: Lameness, or as the old saying goes, "The animal will go

tenderfooted." When standing the animal is generally very restless, they

paw their bedding behind them at night. Tapping or pressure on the foot

will assist in locating a corn.

TREATMENT: Discover the true cause of the corn and remove it if

possible. Take away all pressure from over the corn and turn the animal

out in some damp pasture. If this cannot be done, put on a flat "bar"

shoe, packing the sole of the foot with Pine Tar and Oakum; then place a

leather between the foot and shoe. Repeat this application every two

weeks, as this will keep the sole soft and flexible, and with proper

shoeing your animal will be relieved of corns.

Frequently coffin-joint lameness or navicular disease is mistaken for

corns.

CLYDESDALE STALLION SIR EVERARD (5353).

Sire of Famous Baron's Pride (9122), who earned $300,000.00 in the Stud,

who Sired Baron O'Buchlyvie, who was sold for $45,000.00, the Highest

Price ever paid for a Draft Stallion.

CONSTIPATION

CAUSE: Indigestible foods, irregular feeding, lack of, or too much,

exercise, insufficient secretion of digestive materials, strictures,

ruptures, paralysis, worms, folding and twisting of the intestines,

which frequently occurs in old age.

SYMPTOMS: The animal cannot expel the contents of the intestines, which

frequently causes colicky pains. Death from this form of constipation is

generally due to rupture of the intestines, when due to indigestible

foods or irregular feeding. Lack of, or too much, exercise seldom

produces death, although the animal may not pass any fecal matter for a

week.

TREATMENT: Give a capsule containing Aloin, two drams, and Pulverized

Ginger, two drams, every eighteen hours until the animal has a movement

of the bowels. Then give the following tonic: Pulverized Nux Vomica, two

ounces; Pulverized Gentian Root, two ounces; Pulverized Fenugreek Seed,

four ounces. Mix well and give one tablespoonful in feed three times a

day. If the animal refuses to eat it in the feed, place one

tablespoonful in gelatin capsule and administer with capsule gun. This

will stimulate the worm-like movement of the bowels and strengthen the

heart action.

Give the animal all the water it will drink. If the water is cold, take

the chill off by warming or adding warm water. If the animal will eat,

feed food that is easily digested, such as grass, carrots, turnips,

potatoes and apples, but do not feed too large a quantity at one time.

Hot bran mashes or steamed rolled oats are very nourishing and easily

digested. Rectal injections of Soap and Turpentine in small quantities,

added to warm  water, are very beneficial, and I would recommend their

use. It is advisable to elevate the animal's hind parts when giving

rectal injections, as compelling the animal to stand with its head lower

than its hind parts will cause the animal to retain the injection much

longer, consequently it does its intended work much better.

If due to worms, fast the animal for twenty-four hours and give

Barbadoes Aloes, three drams; Calomel, one dram; Ferri Sulphate, two

drams; Antimony Tartrate, two drams. Place in gelatin capsule and give

with capsule gun, This dose should be repeated in ten days to insure the

expulsion of newly hatched worms.

COLD

(Nasal Catarrh)

CAUSE: Atmospheric changes common in the spring and fall; animal allowed

to chill when standing in a draft, or driven when the system is in a

poor condition. It is also produced by inhaling irritating gases, smoke,

drenching through the nose, dusty hay or grain that contains infectious

matter.

SYMPTOMS: Animal is stupid, does not take food very freely, hair stands

and looks dusty, throat becomes sore, pulse is not greatly affected.

There may be a slight rise of temperature, say 101 to 103 degrees F.

After a day or two there will be a discharge of mucus from the nostrils

which may be offensive to the smell. There is generally an increased

flow of urine. The breathing is not much affected.

TREATMENT: Make the animal as comfortable as possible by placing in a

clean stall with pure air, but avoid drafts. Blanket if the weather is

chilly and give the following prescription: Chloride of Potash, two

ounces; Nitrate of Potash, four ounces. Mix these well in a pint of Pine

Tar and place about one tablespoonful of the mixture as far back on the

tongue as possible every six hours. Relief is very certain if this

treatment is given in the first stages. If not it will become chronic

and terminate into nasal gleet, or lung complications.

COUGH

(Acute and Chronic)

As a cough is a symptom of various diseases, these in addition to the

cough should be treated.

KINDS OF COUGH: Many writers give several different varieties, but for

sake of convenience I will divide them into two forms, namely: Acute and

Chronic.

CAUSE: Acute Coughs are generally due to sudden exposure to cold, drafts

and are the forerunning symptom of a disease of the organs of breathing.

Chronic Coughs are associated with, and often a result of, sore throat,

lung fever, pleurisy, bronchitis, broken wind, influenza, nasal gleet,

catarrh, glanders, heaves and distemper.

TREATMENT: Under each disease of which a cough is a symptom, I have also

prescribed to include its suppression. The following prescription is

reasonable in price, yet very effective in all forms of cough: Tannic

Acid, one ounce; Potassi Chlorate, four ounces; Potassi Nitrate, four

ounces. Powder well and mix with Black Strap Molasses, one pint; placing

container retaining the above in hot water assists in dissolving. When

this is thoroughly mixed add Pine Tar one pint, and place one

tablespoonful well back on the tongue with a wooden paddle every three

or four hours, according to the severity of the cough.

Sometimes a liniment applied to the throat and windpipe has a good

effect, and I would recommend the following on account of its

penetrating qualities: Aqua Ammonia Fort., two ounces; Turpentine, two

ounces; Raw Linseed Oil, four ounces. Mix and apply twice daily, shaking

the contents of the bottle well before using.

COLT CONSTIPATION

CAUSE: Improper digestion of its mother's milk, especially when

overheated or not allowed to nurse enough.

SYMPTOMS: The colt appears stupid; does not care to move about, but lies

flat on either side and shows signs of great pain.

TREATMENT: Give two tablespoonfuls of Cascara Sagrada. Great care must

be exercised in administering the medicine to place it well back on the

tongue; do not hold the nose high or some of the liquid may enter the

lungs; it is much better to waste some of the medicine. One of the most

important factors in the treatment of Colt Constipation is rectal

injections; they relieve temperature, gases, and pain, promoting the

worm-like action of the bowels and liquefying their contents.

COLT DIARRHOEA

CAUSE: Specific infection, the action of which is favored by insanitary

conditions, irregular feeding, or permitting the colt to nurse when the

mother is overheated or out of condition.

SYMPTOMS: Frequent watery discharges, sometimes tinged with blood, and

as the disease progresses the colt shows signs of great pain. If not

treated promptly, the disease will terminate fatally in the course of

six or ten days.

TREATMENT: Determine the exact cause, if possible, and remove it. If the

colt has not been weaned, attention should at once be given the mare,

and if anything is wrong with her, it may be best to take the little

patient away from its mother and feed it on cow's milk sweetened with

sugar. Give two tablespoonfuls of Castor Oil on the tongue; this will

remove the irritant within the bowels. The following prescription is a

very reliable remedy: Protan, three ounces; Pulv. Ginger, four drams;

Zinc Sulphocarbolates, four grains. Mix and make into twelve powders;

give one powder on the tongue every four hours, effecting a cure within

a few days. Do not pull the tongue, or hold the head too high. Permit

the animal to swallow slowly. Remember that sanitary surroundings are

essential in the treatment of all diseases.

CURB

CAUSE: Faulty conformation of the hind legs; that is to say, if an

animal has crooked legs, a slight sprain from slipping or jumping will

produce Curb. In cases where an animal has well proportioned limbs, and

is afflicted with Curb, it is caused by a rupture of the small ligament

or cord situated just back of the hock.

SYMPTOMS: A swelling will be noticed on the back part of the hock. At

first the animal is lame and the enlargement is hot and painful. After a

few days' rest the inflammation will partially subside and the

enlargement can be plainly seen. When the animal is walked about he may

be very lame at the start, but this will disappear as he is moved.

TREATMENT: When the Curb is hot and painful, it is well to apply ice

packs or cold water to the part. When the inflammation subsides, apply

Red Iodide of Mercury, two drams; Lard, two ounces. Mix and rub in well

for twenty minutes; repeat every forty-eight hours until three

applications are applied. If the Curb is of long standing it is more

difficult to treat, in which case the above treatment should be repeated

again in two or three months. Do not use the animal in drawing heavy

loads, or drive on slippery roads, for six months. Give the blister time

to strengthen the ruptured tendons. A high-heeled shoe is often

valuable in relieving tendons of their tension.

The Famous Team of Arabian Horses.

Owned by Dr. C. J. Korinek.

DIARRHOEA

CAUSE: Sudden change of food, frozen food, soft food, unwholesome food,

stagnant water, or drinking large quantities of water at one time,

purgative medicines, or it may be associated with blood diseases, lung

and intestinal affections, or produced by micro-organisms. Many horses,

particularly slack loined, slight, "washy" animals, purge if worked or

excited, as may be observed among race horses when taken to a race

course. Diarrhoea may also be due to worms, or it may be merely an

effort on the part of nature to expel some irritant matter from the

bowels or from the blood, in which case it should on no account be

prematurely checked.

SYMPTOMS: Frequent loose evacuations of the intestines, with or without

pronounced abdominal pain; generally, loss of appetite, animal looks

gaunt and the hair rough.

TREATMENT: Keep the animal quiet, comfortably stabled and warmly

blanketed. Give pure water to drink, often, but in small quantities. If

the animal will eat, feed moderately on clean food, as rolled oats and

dry bran. Also, give the following prescription: Protan, three ounces;

Zinc Sulphocarbolates, ten grains; Creosote, one dram; Powdered Ginger,

two ounces; Powdered Gum Catechu, six drams; Powdered Gum Camphor,

one-half dram. Mix and make eight powders. Place one powder in gelatin

capsule and give with capsule gun, or the same sized dose dissolved in a

pint of water and used as a drench. However, be very careful when

drenching an animal. It is dangerous. This prescription will not only

check the diarrhoea, but will tone the muscular fibres of the intestines

which aid in throwing off these irritant matters from the system. If the

horse shows colicky pains, administer the same treatment as that

recommended for colic. It is well to give the following treatment in the

convalescing stages of diarrhoea: Pulv. Gentian Root, four ounces; Ferri

Sulphate, four ounces; Pulv. Nux Vomica, four ounces; Pulv. Fenugreek

Seed, eight ounces. Mix and give one heaping tablespoonful three times

daily in feed. This facilitates digestion by stimulating the flow of

gastric juices.

DISTEMPER

CAUSE: Distemper is placed among the germ diseases, and is produced by

the Streptococcus of Schutz. It is contagious and a number of animals in

the same stable may become affected at the same time. It is supposed to

attack an animal but once, but it may be contracted a second time. May

occur at any time of the year.

SYMPTOMS: The animal will first appear dull, and show loss of appetite;

and the hair will look dull and rough. There will be a watery discharge

from the nose, and in a day or so a lump will appear between the jaws;

the animal keeps his head in a peculiar position; saliva runs from its

mouth; the pulse will be a little faster than normal. The breathing will

become more rapid and the lump between the jaws will get larger. This

lump, or tumor, may form in other parts of the body, on the shoulder, in

the groin, lungs or intestines. It usually causes death if it cannot be

absorbed. This is called irregular distemper. A determined effort should

be made to draw the lump, or tumor, to a head as soon as possible.

TREATMENT: Place the horse in a clean, well-ventilated and lighted

stall, excluding all drafts, blanket the animal, hand rub the legs and

bandage them; give inhalations of steam from Hot Water and Turpentine. A

good method for heating water for this purpose is to place hot stones or

bricks in the water and Turpentine. This will relieve the hard

breathing. Remember a horse cannot breathe through his mouth, therefore,

liquid drenches are dangerous. A paste made from Potassi Chlorate, two

ounces; Potassi Nitrate, two ounces, dissolved in a pint of warm

molasses and given well back on the tongue in tablespoonful doses every

two or three hours is very beneficial. A liniment made from equal parts

of Aqua Ammonia Fort., Turpentine and Sweet Oil should be applied, every

morning over the enlargement that appears in the region of the throat.

If the enlargement fails to come to a head, secure the services of an

accomplished veterinarian, who will use a clean instrument for lancing

purposes.

After an attack of distemper your horse is generally run down in

condition. Give the following: Potassi Nitrate, four ounces; Pulv.

Gentian Root, four ounces; Pulv. Anise Seed, eight ounces. Make into

thirty-two powders and give one powder three times daily in feed.

DROPSY

(Of the Belly, Chest, Sheath, Udder and Legs)

CAUSE: Poor circulation; kidneys not working properly; lack of exercise;

diseases of the lungs, liver, heart, womb or sheath. Mares heavy with

foal often have dropsical swellings.

SYMPTOMS: Swelling seldom contains fluid, although sometimes a sticky

serum oozes through the skin; fingers pressed against the swollen parts

leave impressions.

TREATMENT: Avoid giving physics in this condition when possible,

especially to mares with foal. Feed laxative food, as hot bran mashes,

green grass, carrots, potatoes, etc.; also the following mixture:

Potassi Iodide, two ounces; Potassi Nitrate, four ounces; Chloride of

Potash, two ounces. Mix and make into sixteen powders. Place one powder

in their drinking water three times a day. Exercise the animal as much

as possible and you will derive good results from this treatment within

a week or so.

I may add that in the above affection it is a bad practice to apply hot

applications, as the chances are it would produce a sloughing of the

skin.

ECZEMA

CAUSE: Anything that interferes with the healthy action of the skin, as

checked sweating, irritation from dirty blankets or harness, or from

accumulation of dirt on the skin through want of grooming, errors in

feeding, overheat, or by infection. In some cases the cause seems to be

constitutional; in others, local. Though the disease is not parasitic in

character, it is probable that when once contracted the diseased parts

may be become infected.

SYMPTOMS: Slight dryness and eruptions that may affect the head, ears,

neck, shoulders, flanks, inside of thighs and root of the tail, followed

by vesicles or pimples which burst and discharge, or the contents may be

absorbed. The animal will rub against the stall, manger, or any other

object he can reach, until the parts are very sore, or if worked, he

will rub himself violently when unharnessed.

TREATMENT: Give Fowler's Solution of Arsenic, one tablespoonful morning

and night on their feed; also give a physic consisting of two drams of

Aloin and two drams of Pulverized Ginger in gelatin capsule. Give at one

dose. One physic is all that is necessary to cool out the blood, which

will assist materially in treating Eczema. Also, apply Zinc Ointment

twice daily over the vesicles or pimples which will appear on the skin.

Also, feed easily digested food if possible, such as carrots, apples,

grass, hot bran mashes and steamed rolled oats, and keep the animal

clean and groom carefully with clean combs and brushes.

EYE DISEASES

CONJUNCTIVITIS, or Inflammation of the superficial structure of the eye.

CAUSE: Direct or indirect injury to the eye, as a blow from a whip,

dust, sand or chaff in the eye, or it may be due to extreme cold, heat,

or foul air.

Inflammation of the Membrane of Nictitans

The membrane of nictation is an accessory eyelid common to all domestic

animals, the purpose of which is to remove foreign substances from the

eye in much the same manner as we use the hand.

SYMPTOMS: Conjunctivitis and inflammation of the membranes of nictitans

are very much the same. A partial or complete closure of the eye, and a

watery discharge due to overstimulation of the lachrymal glands, the

fluid being secreted so abundantly that it is impossible for the tear

duct to carry it away; hence, there will be a continuous overflow of

tears down the horse's face. The formation of a film or scum over the

eye need not cause alarm if the eye shows no sign of puncture.

TREATMENT: Examine the eye carefully and remove any foreign body with

clean cloth or feather and apply the following: Yellow Oxide of Mercury,

three grains; Lanolin, one ounce. Mix well together and apply to the eye

three or four times daily. Avoid the use of liquid medicines, as they

are hard to apply, and the animal throws them out by shaking the head.

FISTULOUS WITHERS

CAUSE: Fistulous Withers are seen mostly in horses that have a thick

neck as well as those that are very high in the withers, or among saddle

horses, those that are very low on the withers, the saddle here riding

forward and bruising the parts. They are often caused by ill-fitting

collars or saddles, by direct injury from blows, and from the horse

rolling upon rough, sharp stones. In this location, the ulcer of the

skin or a simple abscess, if not properly and punctually treated, may

terminate into Fistula. The pus burrows and finds lodgment deep down

between the muscles, and escapes only when the sinuses become surcharged

when, during motion of the muscles, the pus is forced to the surface.

SYMPTOMS: These of course will vary according to the progress made by

the Fistula. Following an injury we may often notice soreness or

stiffness of the front legs, and upon careful examination of the withers

we will see small tortuous lines running from the point of irritation

downwards and backwards over the region of the shoulder. The stiffness

of the limbs may disappear at this time, and heat and soreness of the

parts may become less noticeable, but the swelling of the shoulders

continues to enlarge. The swelling may often have the form of a running

ulcer, or its contents may dry up and leave a tumor, which gradually

develops the common characteristic of a fistulous tumor. When the

enlargement has an opening, we should carefully examine the pus cavity,

as upon this condition will wholly depend our treatment.

TREATMENT: Keep the animal as quiet as possible, as any movements of the

limbs cause the pus to spread between the lines of the muscles and form

larger abscesses or tumors. When the bone becomes diseased, it is very

difficult to effect a cure, especially where the pus burrows back of the

Scapula (Shoulder Blade). In case the abscess is newly formed, and close

to the surface, syringing out with a solution made from Bichloride of

Mercury, five grains to one ounce of water, generally causes the white

fibrous tissue to slough away and the parts to heal rapidly. If the

abscess is deep, and the bones become diseased, the pus will have a very

offensive odor, and I would recommend the services of a competent

Veterinarian to remove all diseased portions of bone or muscle.

FILARIAE

(Thread-like Worm)

CAUSE: Drinking stagnant water, or eating hay gathered from swamps or

marshy land. When full grown, the worm measures from two to six inches

in length; the tail is more or less curved. They are found in the lung

cavity, the heart sac, and the intestinal cavity, from which they

sometimes descend into the sac containing the testicles. Animals said to

have a snake in the eye have been exhibited as curiosities; in all cases

the simulated snake was nothing more than the Filariae.

SYMPTOMS: Colicky spells; poor appetite, indigestion, pot-belly, rough

coat; swelling of the sheath, legs, and the lower surface of the belly.

TREATMENT: Prevention is the only treatment, for when the worms once

enter the digestive canal, it is impossible to remove them.

FOUNDER

CAUSE: Overeating or drinking--in fact, any irritation of the stomach or

intestines is liable to be followed by Founder, owing to the similarity

in the sensitive structure of the foot, skin, and mucous membranes.

Horses with weak feet are predisposed to Founder, but it may also occur

in strong-footed animals. Founder is also produced by driving an animal

on a hot summer day and then placing in the stable where the sweat is

suddenly checked by drafts, etc.

SYMPTOMS: The horse is stiff, and moves with great difficulty; he will

generally, though not always, remain standing. Throws weight upon the

heel of the foot to relieve the toe, and if an effort is made to back

him he will drag his feet. Excessive heat is present at the top of the

hoof, and a throbbing of the arteries may be felt. When the fore feet

only are affected, the horse will relieve them of as much weight as

possible when walking by placing the hind feet well under the body,

which results in a peculiar jumping motion. Founder may occur in all

four feet, but the fore feet are more often affected than the hind ones.

Mares sometimes founder after giving birth to a colt, due to

inflammation of the womb; symptoms correspond to those of common

Founder. Founder may be mistaken for disease of the lungs or kidneys,

owing to the standing position and arched back. Veterinarians have been

known to mistake it for lung fever; the services of such men are

dangerous and should be avoided.

TREATMENT: In all cases of Founder, administer Potassi Iodide, one

ounce; Soda Bicarbonate, four ounces; Potassi Nitrate, four ounces. Mix

and give one tablespoonful in drinking water every six hours. If the

animal will not take it in its water, place in gelatin capsule and give

with capsule gun.

Find out the true cause of the disease, if possible, and perhaps a

physic will be indicated, containing Aloin, two drams; Ginger, two

drams; place it in a capsule and give with capsule gun. If desired

results are not obtained in eighteen hours, repeat the dose until there

is an action of the bowels. Founder following excessive irritation of

the stomach and intestines, or mares heavy with foal, should not receive

physics. Feed food that is easily digested, as carrots, kale, apples,

potatoes, hot bran mashes, or steamed rolled oats, etc.

It is well to elevate the hind quarters and give rectal injections of

Warm Water and Glycerine. Stand in mud or water, or apply bags

containing mud, bran or ice; in fact, anything that will have a cool,

moist effect on the feet.

After the inflammation of the feet has subsided, and the animal walks

fairly well, you should apply a blister containing Red Iodide of

Mercury, two drams; Lard, two ounces, around the top of the hoofs, and

rub in well twice forty-eight hours apart. In some cases of Founder it

is recommended to bleed the animal in the foot. If this is attempted,

good disinfectants should be used, as lock-jaw might follow.

GALLS

CAUSE: Injuries from ill-fitting collars, saddles, harness, hobbles and

scalping-boots.

TREATMENT: Remove the cause. Never wash a Gall with water, as this

prevents its healing, nor use oils or salves, as they accumulate dirt,

dust and germs, which may cause infection. The following application

makes a very valuable dressing for Galls: Boracic Acid, one ounce; Corn

Starch, one ounce; Tannic Acid, one-half ounce; Iodoform, one dram.

Powder finely and place in sifter-top can. Dust on Gall before going to

work and on retiring. This heals and refreshes the Galls and wounds by

forming a smooth surface over the part, which permits it to heal while

the horse works.

GREASE HEEL

CAUSE: Parasitic fungi invading cracked heels.

SYMPTOMS: Offensive discharge from the glands under the skin, and if not

properly treated, red spots will appear, and the yellow discharge will

form a hard crust sticking to the roots of the hair.

TREATMENT: Cleanliness is one of the most important measures. Also, good

nourishing food. If the skin is swollen and tender, poultice with hot

Flaxseed Meal or bran. After the swelling and tenderness have abated,

wash well with good Castile Soap and Warm Water. Dry with clean cloth

and apply the following mixture: Calomel, one dram; Iodoform, one dram;

Boracic Acid, one ounce. Mix well and apply two to three times a day.

Feed green grass, carrots, kale, apples, or potatoes if possible, also

feed hot bran mashes. In all cases of Grease Heel give the following

physic: Aloin, two drams; Pulv. Ginger, two drams. Place in a capsule

and give with capsule gun. A physic has a very good effect on the blood,

which assists materially in healing the cracks and nodules that appear

in Grease Heel.

BELGIAN STALLION BELVEDERE, FIRST PRIZE WINNER.

Owned by Crawford & Griffin, Newton, Iowa.

GLANDERS OR FARCY

CAUSE: Due to a specific germ called the Bacillus Malleii, or Bacillus

of Glanders. Glanders, or Farcy, is very contagious, and is

transmissible to man as well as animals. Cattle and sheep alone are

immune. The disease may be contracted at watering troughs, stables,

horseshoeing shops, in boats, trains and by harness, bits, curry combs,

bedding, pails, etc., as well as by direct contact with a diseased

animal.

SYMPTOMS: Animal does not thrive although the appetite is good at times;

loss of flesh, and is subject to sweats, the hair looks rough, the

temperature increasing slightly, perhaps two degrees, a cough is

generally present. Legs and abdomen are swollen; discharge from the

nose, sometimes tinged with blood and very sticky, the membranes of the

nose look dusty, and ulcers or spots are visible if closely examined.

The glands under the back of the ears and between the jaws are hard,

lumpy and swollen.

In addition to the above symptoms, Farcy affects the skin by producing

swellings, or nodules, varying from the size of a pea to that of a

hickory nut (called Farcy buds, or Farcy buttons), which are found

inside of the hind legs under the abdomen, on the side of the chest;

shoulder and neck, also around the nose, lips and face. Generally there

is a discharge of greenish-yellow pus, which is very sticky.

Glanders, or Farcy, may be mistaken for nasal catarrh, nasal gleet,

ulcerated teeth, nettle rash, lymphangitis, distemper, etc. Fortunately,

this dreaded disease is not very prevalent in this country, as every

precaution has been taken to stamp it out.

NO TREATMENT: If at any time you have reason to think one of your

animals has the disease, or even a neighbor's, or a transient horse,

exhibits the symptoms, it is your duty to report the fact to the State

Veterinarian at once. You will do this if you have your own welfare and

that of your neighborhood at heart.

HEAVES

(Emphysema of the Lungs)

CAUSE: Fast or heavy work. It may follow Lung Fever or Pleurisy, or the

animal may inherit weakness in the walls of the air-cells of the lungs.

A very common cause is feeding dusty or dirty hay, or bulky food. Horses

that are accustomed to eating ravenously are often victims of Heaves.

SYMPTOMS: Disease may develop slowly or rapidly. When the animal is at

rest, the air is taken into the lungs in a more or less normal manner,

but is expelled by two distinct efforts, the abdominal muscles aiding

the lungs in expiration, as may be seen by the heaving of the flank; the

movement of the ribs in breathing is scarcely noticeable in a heavy

horse. A healthy animal, when at rest, will throw the air from the lungs

in a single effort. The difficulty in breathing is constant and

increases in proportion to the amount of food in the stomach and

intestines. At the beginning of the attack there is a spasmodic cough,

which is more or less intermittent; this develops later into a short,

weak, suppressed cough, as if the animal lacked strength in his chest to

expel a full breath, often accompanied by expulsion of wind from the

anus, which is somewhat protruded.

TREATMENT: Feed good, nourishing food, but nothing that is of a bulky

nature. Feed more grain and less hay, which should be dampened with

water if dusty. Do not feed dusty, musty or bulky food, but give plenty

of potatoes, apples, kale and green grass. Have your druggist make you

up one quart of Fowler's Solution of Arsenic, omitting the Tincture of

Lavender. This is soothing to the organs of breathing, and should be

given two tablespoonfuls three times a day on the feed. After a week or

ten days you might increase the dose slightly. Although this will make

the horse work much better, do not give it with the hope of effecting a

complete cure, as very few cases recover fully from this disease.

HORSE DENTISTRY

This is a very important branch of Veterinary Science, although, if I

were to go into detail on the subject, it would require the writing of

an individual volume. This science requires considerable practice. The

price of special costly instruments would prohibit the average stockman

from doing his own dentistry.

My advice is to secure nothing but the services of a qualified

Veterinarian, who has had privileges of a thorough knowledge of

Veterinary Science.

The art of animal dentistry has been abused by the owners of stock

allowing the services of irresponsible men in the veterinary profession,

who do not look to the betterment of the animal's condition. The owner

of the animal, not being able to see the condition of the animal's teeth

for himself, is persuaded into having the animal's teeth worked on

regardless of whether it is needed or not. The quack or transient

Veterinarian will pull and crack healthy, sound teeth, and also lacerate

the poor animal's mouth. Be sure the Veterinarian employed for this

purpose is competent.

INFLUENZA

(Pink Eye-Epizootic Catarrh)

CAUSE: Influenza is a specific and infectious fever, which shows a

marked tendency to rapidly spread over a large area of country. It

generally appears suddenly, without, preliminary symptoms, and may

become fully developed in twenty-four hours.

SYMPTOMS: The usual symptoms are those of Catarrh, although the bowels,

lungs and brain complications may be present, either singly or combined.

It always gives rise to great weakness. The distinguishing

characteristics of Influenza from Distemper, Sore Throat, and other

diseases affecting the organs of breathing, are the suddenness of the

attack, rise of temperature, varying from 103 to 106 degrees F., pulse

feeble and fast, and a pinkish, swollen appearance of the inside of the

eyelids. The animal is dull, in some cases almost unconscious. Sometimes

the legs are very stiff and swollen, and there is great difficulty in

moving about.

TREATMENT: Place the affected animal in a clean, well ventilated stall,

avoid drafts, give pure water to drink with chill taken off, in small

quantities but often. Blanket if the weather is chilly, hand rub the

legs and bandage, give Quinine, two drams, in a gelatin capsule with

capsule gun every four hours. In addition to the above, administer the

treatment recommended for Acute and Chronic Coughs.

Feed good, nutritious food that has a laxative effect on the bowels, as

it is dangerous to give horses physic with this disease. Hot bran

mashes, steamed rolled oats and vegetables are very beneficial.

LAMPAS

CAUSE: In young horses it is commonly caused by cutting teeth. In older

animals it is usually due to indigestion.

SYMPTOMS: A puffy swelling and redness of the gums. The animal may have

difficulty in eating.

TREATMENT: In young animals, when cutting teeth, let nature take its

course, but when an animal is five years or over, place two drams of

Aloin, and two drams of Pulv. Ginger, in a gelatin capsule and

administer with capsule gun. Then tone up the digestive organs by mixing

one ounce of Pulv. Gentian Root, one ounce of Pulv. Nux Vomica, four

ounces of Bicarbonate of Soda. Make into eight powders and give one

powder in feed twice daily, or place in gelatin capsule and administer

with capsule gun.

LEECHES

(Haemopis)

The leeches which suck the blood of the horse may be divided into two

classes, the external parasites which attach themselves to the skin of

the legs and adjacent parts of the horse, and the Haemopis Sanguisuga,

and others of this class, which, not being able to penetrate the skin,

endeavor to enter the mouth or nostrils of the horse when he is drinking

or grazing in wet and leech-infected pastures. They sometimes cling to

the mucous membrane of the eyes. The horse leech, which lives in the

water, usually gains access to the mouth and nostrils of the animal,

when young and not more than one-tenth of an inch long. They rarely go

beyond the air and food passages, generally fastening themselves to the

walls of the windpipe and gullet, where they cling till the animal dies

from loss of blood or suffocation. They often cause bleeding from the

mouth and nostrils, and may be seen by close examination.

TREATMENT: Endeavor to build up the condition of the animal with

suitable food. Also feed liberal quantities of stock salt. Where the

leeches cling tightly to the mucous membranes of the mouth and nostrils,

it is well to cause the horse to inhale the vapor from hot water

containing turpentine.

LOCK-JAW

(Tetanus)

CAUSE: The bacilli of Tetanus are widely distributed and can be found in

practically every part of the globe. Their favorite place of production,

however, is in barn yards and marshy ground. They are frequently

swallowed by stock along with forage, and can often be found in recently

expelled feces. The most favorable temperature for their development is

about 70 degrees F. They act by means of extremely virulent poisons

which they produce, and which causes the terrible symptoms that are

characteristic of the disease.

SYMPTOMS: The muscles of expression are usually the first brought under

the continual spasm of tetanus, and when thus affected give the face of

the animal a pinched and drawn-in appearance. The other muscles of the

head and those of the neck are next attacked. The mouth is closed, the

nose poked out, the head elevated. The muscles of breathing, and those

of the limbs, become contracted so that the neck is hollowed, and the

tail is raised, the horse stands with outstretched limbs. The animal

shows great stiffness or rigidity in attempted movements. The eyes are

sunken, and when startled or excited, the breathing is quickened and the

flanks have a wrinkled or corrugated appearance. Death may quickly occur

from continuous spasms of the muscles of the throat. Another sign is the

flying up of the accessory eyelid when the animal is excited.

TREATMENT: If noticed in its first stages, and if the animal is able to

eat, secure the services of an accomplished Veterinarian and insist on

the use of fresh vaccine. This disease is almost impossible to cure, and

about ninety per cent die.

LUNG FEVER

(Pneumonia)

CAUSE: Predisposition is largely accountable for this disease, which is

more common to young horses than old; also, changes of temperature,

introduction of foreign bodies or liquids into the trachea (windpipe)

and the bronchial tubes, inhalation of smoke or irritating gases,

excitement, exposure to cold after clipping, turning out to pasture from

a warm stable, or injury to chest or ribs from being struck with a pole,

etc.

SYMPTOMS: Dullness in spirit; animal usually shivers or trembles; when

this ceases the temperature rises to perhaps 103 to 106 degrees F.,

pulse increases to sixty or ninety per minute, full and bounding;

breathing short and labored and abnormally quick, increasing to perhaps

fifty inspirations per minute, whereas in health it does not exceed

twelve or thirteen per minute. A cough is also likely to be present, and

the animals remain standing until they are on the road to recovery, or

until death takes place. Other symptoms are constipation, feces covered

with mucus or slime; urination frequent, scanty and dark in color;

appetite poor, but thirst great; the eyes look glassy and the membranes

have an inflamed appearance. It is a good sign if the animal looks about

freely. When the critical stage is past the temperature and pulse

gradually fall, the appetite returns and the urine becomes more

abundant, and takes on its natural color, the cough loosens, and the

discharge from the lungs is profuse, and of a yellowish color, and the

breathing becomes normal.

TREATMENT: Good care is of the utmost importance. Place the horse in a

comfortable, well ventilated stall, being careful to exclude drafts.

Hand rub and bandage the legs with woolen cloth. Blanket the animal,

give plenty of bedding and keep pure water before him at all times.

Internally administer Quinine, two ounces; Iodide of Ammonia, two

ounces; Ammonia Bicarbonate, two ounces. Mix well and make into sixteen

powders. Place powder in gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun every

four hours. It is quite necessary that the above remedy should be placed

in capsule, as drugs of this nature tend to irritate the throat. Do not

give physics, as it is much safer to give laxative food, as hot bran

mashes, steam rolled oats or some vegetables, in fact anything the

animal will eat, i.e., that has food values. It is advisable to apply

over the chest the following liniment; Aqua Ammonia Fort., four ounces;

Turpentine, four ounces; Raw Linseed Oil, four ounces. Mix and shake

well before applying each time over the chest cavity.

In case the animal is constipated, give rectal injections of soap and

warm water containing a few drops of Turpentine.

MANGE

(Scabies)

CAUSE: Mange is a contagious disease, produced by the presence of a

small parasite that varies in length from a fiftieth to a hundredth of

an inch, according to the species, of which there are three: Sarcoptes,

which generally affects the withers; Symbiotes Communis, affecting the

legs, and the Psoroptes Communis, which affects horses about the root of

the tail and mane. The latter is the one most commonly found affecting

horses. They multiply rapidly and are spread from diseased to healthy

horses by their bodies coming in contact with one another, or by

corrals, stables, railroad cars, etc., recently occupied by mangy

horses.

SYMPTOMS: The mange mite attacks the skin and produces a thickness of

its outer surface, covering it with crusts and scabs, with a consequent

loss of hair. Intense itching accompanies the disease, and affected

horses continually bite and rub themselves.

Psoroptic Mange commences at the root of the tail, or at the roots of

the mane on the neck or withers, and gradually spreads over the back, up

to the head, over the sides, and finally affects the entire body. In

cases of long standing the skin becomes ulcerated, the animal becomes

greatly weakened, emaciated and finally dies.

TREATMENT: When a large number of horses are affected (in one locality)

it is best to prepare a vat and dip them, under the supervision of the

United States Bureau of Animal Industry. When just a few horses become

affected, the following has proven very effective: Sulphur, eight

ounces; Oil of Tar, eight ounces; Sweet Oil, two quarts. Mix and apply

liberally to the parts affected. A few applications are generally

sufficient to eradicate the disease.

MONDAY MORNING DISEASE

(Lymphangitis)

CAUSE: This ailment is common with hard working horses, and is caused by

confining them in the stable and allowing their usual amount of food.

More nutriment is consumed than can be taken up by the system, which

causes an irritation. It is frequently found in certain stables on

Monday morning, hence its name--Monday Morning Disease.

SYMPTOMS: Swelling and lameness, most usually affecting the hind leg

inside of the thigh and extending down the leg in a hard ridge. It will

pit on pressure, and cause intense pain; the horse will have difficulty

in extending the limb forward, the swelling may surround the leg

entirely. Pulse will be fifty to sixty per minute, temperature 102 to

104 degrees F., breathing will be faster than normal. The animal has

great thirst, but the appetite is very poor; usually remains standing;

if he lies down will have great difficulty in getting up.

TREATMENT: In this particular disease apply hot fomentations to the

affected limb or limbs, for one hour, then rub dry and apply Camphorated

Liniment. Give Nitrate Potassi, Chlorate of Potassi, Iodide Potassi,

each four ounces. Mix and make into thirty-two powders. Give one powder

three times a day in drinking water or in a gelatin capsule and give

with capsule gun.

In most cases it is advisable to give a physic: Aloin, two drams; Pulv.

Gentian Root, one dram; Ginger, one dram. Place in gelatin capsule and

give with capsule gun.

MUD FEVER

CAUSE: Horses driven over muddy roads during the day and exposed to

freezing weather at night, or driving them over muddy roads, then

washing the limbs and not drying them properly, often produces a

superficial inflammation of the legs.

SYMPTOMS: The legs are swollen, extremely hot and tender, the horse is

stiff, the hair comes off the legs easily and if the cause is not

removed severe complication may follow, as the secretions of the skin

become greatly affected.

TREATMENT: Prevention. Horses that are driven over muddy, wet roads

should have their legs rubbed dry when stabling them for any length of

time. When the legs are badly swollen wash them with clean warm water

and Castile soap and dry them well with a clean soft cloth. Then apply

Zinc Oxide Ointment or a lotion made from Acetate of Lead, one ounce;

Zinc Sulphate, one-half ounce. Place in a quart of clean water and apply

twice daily. Either application is very beneficial in the treatment of

Mud Fever. Feed the animal wheat bran mashes, steamed rolled oats,

vegetables, etc., as they have a very good effect on the system which

aids in relieving the inflammation of the skin.

NASAL GLEET

(Chronic Catarrh)

CAUSE: Exposure to cold followed by neglect, and lack of nourishing

food; bruise or fracture of the frontal bones of the head; injury of the

blood-vessels inside the bones, or an ulcerated tooth. May also be

caused by tumor, or foreign substance or liquids in the nasal cavities.

Sometimes dried pus in the nostrils, resulting from a cold, will cause

nasal gleet.

SYMPTOMS: A white or yellowish discharge from one or both of the

nostrils, the quantity varying with the severity of the attack and the

length of time the disease has been established. If, when tapping over

the nose below the eye, a dull sound is produced, it is safe to conclude

that the cavities are filled with pus; to make certain, compare the sick

animal with a healthy one; in some cases you will notice that even the

bones of the nose below the eye are slightly elevated. The lining of the

nose may be of a red or yellow color but not ulcerated in spots, as in

Glanders. The animal may continue in pretty good spirits and work well

for a time but as the case develops he becomes lean in flesh and what is

termed hide-bound. Always examine the teeth. In a case of long standing,

the discharge has a fetid smell, differing in this respect also from

Glanders.

TREATMENT: If not due to fractured bones of the head or ulcerated teeth,

the animal will, in most cases, recover with proper medical treatment.

When due to injury to the bones of the head, tumors, ulcerated teeth or

dried pus in the nasal cavities, it is best to secure the services of a

skillful Veterinarian, one whose professional knowledge renders him

thoroughly competent. In the mild forms of nasal-gleet or chronic

catarrh, administer the following: Ferri Sulphate, Potassi Iodide, Nux

Vomica, each four ounces. Mix well and make into thirty-two capsules.

Give one capsule three times daily and feed food that is nourishing and

easily digested.

SADDLE STALLION ASTRAL KING, CHAMPION SADDLE STALLION.

Owned by James Houchin, Jefferson City, Mo.

NAVEL STRING INFECTION

(Umbilical Pyemia)

CAUSE AND NATURE: While the unborn foal (foetus) is in the womb of its

mother, it is surrounded by enveloping membranes which constitute the

after-birth on delivery. These membranes are attached to the wall of the

womb and are connected to the foetus by means of the navel-string

(umbilical cord) which is provided with two arteries and a vein for the

nourishment of the young creature and for the removal of its waste

products.

It also has a narrow canal (the urachus) which serves to remove the

urine of the foetus; in fact the subsequently formed bladder takes its

origin from a dilation of the urachus. Under normal conditions when the

foal is born, respiration takes place, the umbilical arteries and veins

become quickly blocked up, urine is discharged through the urethra

(which communicates with the penis or vagina, as the case may be), the

foal enjoys a separate existence and the wound caused by the division of

the umbilical cord leaves a scar which is known as the navel.

It is usually supposed that the germ of navel-string infection gains

admittance into the body through the exposed surface before the wound is

closed. However, I am of the opinion that the mother is the bearer of

the infection in a great many cases for in the uterine secretions of

mares whose foals fell with navel-string infection, the same

characteristic germs were found as were present in the joints of the

affected foals. The infectious material is, by the act of covering,

conveyed from mare to mare, so that the mucous membranes of the womb

becomes the habitat of the specific germ. By inoculation of these germs

into the blood stream of foals an illness is produced which in the

smallest particular cannot be distinguished from that arising in

naturally affected foals. It is a strange fact that when the infected

germs are transmitted by the mother, their presence does not produce any

disturbance in her.

This is a very common malady in most places. I have known several

instances on particular farms where they were unable to raise either

foals or calves, but if the mother were removed to another farm

immediately after or before foaling, the foal or calf lived and was

reared without difficulty, and although constitutional debility plays an

important part, the presence of specific germs constituting an infected

area is, I believe, the most important factor in producing this disease.

According to my observation, about seventy-five per cent of the cases

die within the first three weeks after birth. This high rate of

mortality would be considerably diminished if proper treatment was

adopted.

SYMPTOMS: The attack usually comes on during the second or third week

after birth and almost always before the closure of the navel opening,

which, in affected animals, will be found to be in a wet and suppurating

condition. Occasionally foals two or three months old which have the

urachus closed and are in an apparently healthy condition contract this

disease in a form of painful swelling of the joints. The first symptoms

are generally dullness; more or less fever; lameness which is often

attributed to rheumatism or to injury caused by the mare treading on the

foal; the disinclination to move or even to stand. Upon examination the

patient will be found to have a soft, gelatinous swelling of one or more

of the joints of which the hock, elbow, fetlock, stifle and hip usually

manifest the enlargement most clearly.

These swellings are hot and painful to the touch; they tend to suppurate

and frequently cause intense lameness. In very rare cases open urachus

may exist without any joint inflammation. In this disease, inflammation

of the joints and open urachus are almost always co-existent.

Animals that recover from a bad attack are seldom worth the trouble of

rearing, because as a rule their constitution becomes permanently

impaired and one or more of their joints becomes stiffened by the

attack.

TREATMENT: In the treatment of this disease, we have to attend to

constitutional disturbances, inflamed joints, open urachus and

complications such as constipation and diarrhoea. The comfort of our

little patient must be studied under all circumstances. If the weather

be at all cold it should be covered by a warm sheet. Should the foal

have any difficulty in rising from the recumbent position, an attendant

should assist it to rise and see that it is regularly fed. It is only in

extreme cases that the animal refuses to suck its dam. During warm

weather, and especially if the ground is dry, such a patient is always

better off for a little sunshine, but on no account must it be left out

during extreme heat, as in this state it is very liable to sunstroke.

The best food for the mare is grass, which, during the day, she can

generally have. The inflamed joints of the foal should be rubbed lightly

with the following, after being thoroughly mixed: Red Iodide of Mercury,

two drams; Vaseline, two ounces, every forty-eight hours, which, when

applied to the skin, appears to have a well-marked antiseptic action on

the underlying tissues. An inflamed joint should on no account be bathed

with warm water, fomented or poulticed because the application of moist

heat would be the best possible means for promoting the development of

the infective germs which are the cause of the local and general

disturbance. The open navel-string should not be ligatured because that

operation is generally followed by an increased inflammation of the

part, and by an aggravation of the other symptoms apparently on account

of this outlet for deleterious products becoming blocked up. If the

navel-string has been ligatured and is in an inflamed state, the

ligature should be removed without delay. If the foal is constipated

give two to three ounces of Castor Oil; also, administer the following:

Zinc Sulphocarbolates, one-half dram; Hyposulphite of Soda, four ounces.

Mix and make into thirty-two powders. Give one powder well back on the

tongue every four hours.

As a supplement to the food, we may give brown sugar or treacle, both of

which are easily digested and are very nourishing. Four or five eggs

daily will also aid in keeping up the strength.

NAVEL RUPTURE

(Umbilical Hernia)

CAUSE: Hereditary predisposition is well marked in this complaint. It

may exist at birth, but so-called congenital rupture may very probably

be the result of the pulling which the navel-string underwent at the

time of foaling. However, umbilical hernia usually occurs during the

first two or three months after birth; that is to say, while the opening

at the navel is becoming obliterated and the tissues at that place are

becoming consolidated. They can, however, appear later and may result

from more or less violent strains sustained when the foals are jumping

or playing. At other times these strains are induced by intestinal

irritation accompanied by diarrhoea or constipation with straining. But,

however the strain may take place, the abdominal muscles contract and

push the intestines towards the wall of the belly. Then if they find an

opening or even a weak spot, like the ring of the navel while it is

undergoing the process of becoming blocked up, they select it and a

rupture is produced.

SYMPTOMS: This rupture, the situation of which clearly shows its

character, may vary in size from that of a hen's egg to that of an

ostrich's egg. If pressed upon with the hand, especially if the animal

is placed on its back, the rupture will disappear, to return, however,

when the pressure is removed. If it be composed of intestines it will be

soft and elastic when the bowels are empty, but when they are full of

semi-solid food they will be doughy. In any event, the tumor will feel

elastic when composed of intestines, but when formed of its connecting

membranes, will naturally not vary in consistence. If intestines be

present, movements and abdominal rumblings may be detected in it.  This

rupture rarely gives rise to serious consequences because its contents

are composed of large intestines and omentum, either of which is, in

this position, not liable to become strangulated. It may, however,

become engorged and inflamed from injury. Its existence naturally

depreciates the value of an animal suffering from it.

TREATMENT: In the majority of cases, they will disappear with their own

accord in two or three months. In case the rupture shows no signs of

diminishing in size it is well to apply a bandage around the abdomen or

secure the services of a competent veterinarian and he will prescribe a

treatment or operate, which will apply directly to your colt's or

horse's particular case.

OPEN JOINT

CAUSE: Injuries such as a kick from a sharp shoe, wire cuts, punctures

from snags, or from probing a wound near a joint. Open joint is one of

the most serious accidents that may happen to a horse, for the sufferer

is apt to die from the ensuing constitutional disturbance, and even if

he recovers the joint will, in all probability, be permanently stiff.

SYMPTOMS: If the joint is opened or severely injured the wound will have

an ordinary appearance except that there may be a flow of joint oil from

the injured oil sack. However, the discharge gradually becomes more

unhealthy until finally it is mixed with pus and blood and assumes a

fetid odor. After two or three days the joint swells and becomes very

painful and a high fever sets in. In unfavorable cases the animal dies

from exhaustion very shortly, or at best recovers with a permanently

stiff joint.

TREATMENT: Never probe a wound near a joint. If the injury is small and

noticed immediately, apply Red Iodide of Mercury, two drams; Vaseline,

two ounces. Mix and rub in well over the wound. This will set up

sufficient inflammation to close the opening and kill any infection that

may be present, as it possesses powerful antiseptic properties. If the

wound is large, wash with Bichloride of Mercury, one part to one

thousand parts distilled water. The wound should be washed twice a day

with this solution. Then dust the wound with Tannic Acid, one ounce;

Iodoform, one ounce; Boracic Acid, one ounce; Calomel, one dram. Mix and

place in sifter top can and apply this after washing each time. Then

bandage the wound by first placing clean absorbent cotton over the

wound. Do not attempt to syringe a solution into an opening or some of

the solution may gain entrance into the joint. Keep the animal as quiet

as possible and feed laxative food.

PALESADE WORM

(Strongulus Armatus)

This parasite thrives on marshy ground and is commonly found in the

United States and Canada. The body of the worm is gray in color, more or

less stiff and straight and thicker in the front than in the hind part;

it varies in length, the male measuring from three-fourths of an inch to

one inch and the female from one to two inches. It may occur in an adult

or an immature state. In the former it implants itself on the mucous

membrane of the large intestines by means of its armed mouth, while in

the latter it lives in cysts underneath the mucous membrane of the

intestines and is sometimes found in the brain, testicles and liver. The

immature worms which do not issue directly from the cysts get into the

arteries and are carried by the force of the blood to all parts of the

body.

SYMPTOMS: Same as in Red Worm with the exception of colicky pains caused

by the worms blocking the arteries which carry blood to the intestines,

thus interfering with the process of digestion. Where the worms enter

the arteries of the limbs it results in lameness. It is a good plan to

examine your animals once or twice a year to insure them against this

pest.

TREATMENT: Same as for Red Worm.

PLEURISY

CAUSE: Exposed to a sudden change of temperature, confinement in

ill-ventilated, damp stables, wounds penetrating the chest, fractured

ribs, heart diseases. It also occurs in conjunction with Bronchitis,

Influenza, etc.

SYMPTOMS: Generally only one side of the lungs is affected and that

being the right, although it may affect both sides at the same time.

First you will notice the animal distressed, uneasy, shivering, the

affected side is painful to pressure of the hand. The breathing is short

and quick, and the flanks heave--which shows that the animal tries to

breathe as much as possible, by the action of the muscles of the abdomen

and not by the movement of the ribs. The nostrils are dilated. There is

usually a short, dry, painful cough present, which is repressed by the

animal as much as possible, so as not to shake the inflamed parts. Often

when expelling air from the lungs the horse gives a painful grunt

especially when made to move. The pulse is generally hard and faster

than usual. The temperature in early stages may rise from 104 to 106

degrees F. If the ear is applied to the affected side a dry crackling or

friction sound can be heard; a groove along the lower portion of the

ribs will extend back to the flank. Within two or three days the pulse

will be softer and weaker, temperature will fall to 101 or 102 degrees

F. and there will be fluids form and the painful short breathing will

disappear. The liquids may now undergo absorption if properly treated,

and the case terminate favorably in a week or ten days.

Frequently large quantities of fluid accumulate in the chest cavity that

cannot be absorbed, the breathing becomes more difficult, short and

quick, pulse becomes weak and rapid and the animal dies from exhaustion.

TREATMENT: Place the animal in a comfortable, roomy stall; blanket if

the weather is chilly, permit fresh air, but no drafts, as this is very

important. Apply a paste made from Mustard and cold water over the chest

cavity. Internally, administer Ammonium Iodide, Chlorate of Potash,

Nitrate of Potash, each four ounces. Make into thirty-two powders and

give one powder every two or three hours in gelatin capsule and

administer with capsule gun. The diet is a proper means of keeping up

the animal and is very important. Coax the animal to eat grass or

vegetables, hot bran mashes or steam rolled oats. If there is a cough

present, give the same treatment as recommended for Acute and Chronic

Coughs.

PIN WORM, THREAD OR MAW WORM

(Oxyuris Curvilis)

This worm when full grown is about one and three-quarter inches in

length; its tail is thin and whip-like and head thick and terminating in

a curve somewhat resembling the crook of a stick. The presence of these

parasites may be detected by a light-yellow substance (the eggs of the

worms) which adheres to the skin below the anus. Pin Worms like Round

Worms frequently come away with the feces.

TREATMENT: Dissolve four tablespoonfuls Common Salt in one gallon of

warm water and inject it into the rectum. When this has been expelled,

follow with an injection per rectum of Turpentine, four ounces, to

one-half gallon Linseed Oil. Elevate the horse's hind quarters so as to

retain the injection longer. This will expel the worms and their eggs

that cling to the walls of the rectum. The worms sometimes make their

way so far forward that it is impossible to reach them with an

injection. In this case treat same as for Round worms.

Where there is irritation produced about the tail the horse continually

rubs and it is well to apply Mercurial Ointment to both tail and the

anus.

POLL EVIL

Poll Evil is so-called because it occurs in the region of the poll. It

is not a constitutional disease, but comes, no doubt, from well marked

causes, as from inflammation set up and involving the bones and muscles

in the region of the poll, and perhaps of the larger ligament. Owing to

the low vitality of the parts and the action of the head in taking food,

etc., the pus is apt to burrow deep into the muscles.

CAUSE: Direct or indirect injury. A common cause is striking the head

against a low doorway or an ill-fitting halter or bridle.

SYMPTOMS: Swelling just back of the ears on one or both sides of the

head. The animal stands with the nose out; slight heat in the parts,

pain on pressure. In the first stages, it is merely inflammatory action.

The second stage is suppuration, or there may be great swelling in some

cases when there is but little pus formed.

In other cases there is profuse suppuration and the pus makes its way

out and discharges to the surface and sinuses are formed, which extend

in various directions. Any abscess in this region is called Poll Evil.

TREATMENT: When the enlargement is first noticed in the region of the

poll, I would advise the following: Red Iodide of Mercury, four drams;

Lard, four ounces, rub in well over the enlargement and perhaps this

will prevent sinuses from forming, but when the cases are long standing

and so-called pipes are formed, I would advise that you secure the

services of an accomplished Veterinarian.

PETECHIAL FEVER

(Purpura Haemorrhagica)

CAUSE: Constitutional weakness following some debilitating disease such

as Distemper, Pink Eye, Catarrh and even following operations, when an

animal becomes weak and from want of exercise, in which case it

generally appears during his recovery. It is not infectious and cannot

be transmitted by inoculations.

SYMPTOMS: There is a slight swelling of the limbs, more likely to be

about the hocks. The swelling may disappear by exercising, but will soon

return. The swellings present a very abrupt appearance, nearly the same

as if a string were tied around the limbs and swell very quickly, and

symptomatic of Purpura. Exudations take place in which, if on white

limbs, you will see little red spots, from which a liquid is oozing. The

swelling is very painful and the entire limb may be swollen. Small

vesicles appear on the limbs and also in the mucous membranes, and it is

well to look at the mucous membranes before giving your opinion, as you

will, no doubt, detect these spots, which may extend into the lungs.

These spots increase and may run into each other. The mucous membranes

of the nose may become a mass of corrupt matter. The upper lip may hang

pendulous, which is due to the want of nervous stimulus. If the nostrils

are swollen very badly, there is difficulty in breathing and if the

animal is not able to take food, the symptoms are considered very bad.

The pulse varies much in some cases; although the swelling is very

great, the pulse may not be more than forty or fifty per minute. The

temperature is elevated one to three degrees above normal, there may be

a coughing and a brownish colored discharge from the nostrils. The mouth

and eyes become affected and, together with the discharge from the nose,

the horse is a loathsome looking object. In milder cases the appetite is

retained, or the animal may take food one day and the next refuse it.

The bowels are constipated as a general thing in the first stages of the

disease and the urine may be of a dark color, may even contain blood.

There may be a peculiar dropsical swelling of these petechial spots or

it may show itself in connection with the eyes and there may be blood

extravasation without outer symptoms. This disease may affect the

bowels, liver, lungs, etc. The animal usually stands, perhaps from the

difficulty in moving the limbs. It is necessary to watch the case

closely for flies will attack him and he will be filled with maggots.

Sloughing may take place; the entire sheath or patches upon the body may

slough off and there may be paralysis of the penis.

TREATMENT: Place the animal in a clean, light, comfortable stall. If the

weather is cold, blanket. The following medicine is recommended because

of its particular effect on the blood in this disease: Chlorate of

Potash, eight ounces; Iodide of Potash, eight ounces; Quinine Sulphate,

eight ounces. Make into thirty-two capsules and give one capsule every

six hours. Also administer one ounce capsules filled with Spirits of

Turpentine three or four times a day. Moisten the capsules with Sweet

Oil and give with capsule gun. Feed hot bran mashes containing two or

three ounces of pure Flaxseed meal. Also, feed vegetables, green grass,

if possible.

QUITTOR

(Fistula of the Foot)

CAUSE: Injuries. Horses working on rough stony roads are subject to

punctures, pricks, bruises, corns, treads, etc., which end in pus

formation which does not get a pendant opening and destroys the tissues

with which it comes in contact. Finally it bursts, forms sinuses and

pipes, as commonly called, at the top of the hoof.

SYMPTOMS: Extreme lameness, heat, pain and swelling will show themselves

about the top of the hoof. As a rule a Quittor develops slowly and is

more or less painful during the first stages. After the sinus is formed

and the pus discharges, the inflammation generally subsides. Its healing

process is often delayed due to the diseased portion of the cartilages

inside the horny hoof.

TREATMENT: Apply Flaxseed or hot Bran poultices to relieve the

inflammation and hasten the formation of sinuses or pipes. Then with an

ordinary syringe inject the following: Silver Nitrate, ten grains;

Water, one ounce. Inject fifteen to twenty drops twice daily.  Keep the

food clean and the animal as quiet as possible. It is very disagreeable,

as stated before, and the healing is very slow, but this must be

naturally expected, as we are unable to provide the sinuses with good

drainage.

RED WORM

(Strongylus Tetracanthus)

The Red Worm varies in length from one-third to three and one-quarter

inches, and is sometimes white though it usually appears to be red

because of the blood it contains. This parasite is found in all parts of

the world. Its favorite haunt is marshy land.

SYMPTOMS: Paleness of all visible membranes, eyes watery and inflamed,

swelling of the sheath, legs, and lower surface of the belly; fetid

diarrhoea, dullness, debility, emaciation, rough coat, and the presence

of worms in the feces. The worms when first passed are bright red in

color but after being exposed to the air they turn dark and may easily

escape the notice of the casual observer.

TREATMENT: Withhold all food for twenty-four hours, then place the

following drugs in a gelatin capsule: Calomel, two drams, Barbadoes

Aloes, three drams; Ferri Sulphate, two drams. Give with capsule gun.

Also place the following tonic in their feed: Pulv. Quassia, one ounce;

Ferri Sulphate, two ounces; Pulv. Anise Seed, two ounces. Mix and make

sixteen powders. Give one powder two or three times a day in the feed.

RHEUMATISM

CAUSE: Exposure to cold rains, drafts, lying on damp ground when the

blood is in poor condition. Also due to over-stimulating food.

SYMPTOMS: Lameness, swelling or soreness which may shift from one place

to another, then finally locate in or near one of the joints of the

limbs.

TREATMENT: Take away all grains and feed laxative foods such as

potatoes, carrots, apples, kale and good hay. If the weather is warm

turn out to pasture, but confine in warm stable at night. It is

advisable to give a physic, as Aloin, two drams; Gentian, one dram;

Ginger, one dram. Place in gelatin capsule and give at one dose with

capsule gun, as its action on the blood has a very good effect. When the

swellings are painful, apply Camphorated Liniment once or twice daily.

Also, administer the following tonic: Potassi Iodide, one ounce; Nitrate

of Potash, two ounces; Chlorate of Potash, two ounces; Pulv. Gentian

Root, one ounce; Ferri Sulphate, one ounce; Pulv. Anise Seed, four

ounces. Mix well and make into twenty powders. Give one powder three

times a day in bran or place in capsule and give with capsule gun.

RING BONE

CAUSE: Faulty conformation--as a narrow or straight pastern joint is

considered faulty. Be very careful in selecting a sire when breeding, as

faulty conformation is hereditary. Ringbone may also result when young

animals are put to work on hard roads or running in stony pastures

sometimes produces Ringbone before the bones have become properly

hardened. Other causes are injury to tendons or ligaments, bruised

joints, blows, calking, or picking up a nail.

SYMPTOMS: Lameness will manifest itself when the horse first starts out

in the morning; this may become less noticeable or even disappear

temporarily as the animal works. They gradually grow lamer and

examination will disclose an enlargement at or around the top of the

hoof. This may appear in one or more feet, but the front feet are more

often affected.

TREATMENT: If the Ringbone is very much inflamed, reduce the heat by

applying cold water or ice packs to the part. Clip off all hair from

around the top of the hoof and rub in well for twenty minutes the

following: Red Iodide of Mercury, two drams; Pulv. Cantharides, two

drams; Turpentine, one dram; Pine Tar, two drams, and mix in two ounces

of Lard. This applied every two days for a week and repeat same

treatment in two weeks. Keep the animal as quiet as possible as it

assists in producing a recovery. If the animal is comparatively young,

recovery is certain, although the enlargement may never disappear.

ROUND WORM

(Ascaris Megalcephala)

Resembles the Earth Worm somewhat in shape, yellowish-white in color,

stiff and elastic. When full grown, it varies in length from six to

sixteen inches. These worms are usually found in the small intestines,

although they sometimes invade the stomach, and when numerous seriously

disturb the animal's health.

SYMPTOMS: The animal's general health is affected as is evident from the

morbid state of his appetite, rough coat, pot-belly, liability to colic

and slight diarrhoea. Some of these worms are often expelled with the

feces. As they increase in number, they block up the small intestines,

giving rise to colic, and may in time kill the horse. They sometimes

cause perforation of the bowels.

TREATMENT: Withhold all food from eighteen to twenty-four hours, then

administer the following: Ferri Sulphate, two drams; Antimony Tartrate,

two drams; Pulv. Quassia, two drams. Place in gelatin capsule and give

with capsule gun. Follow this from six to eight hours with Aloin, two

drams; Ginger, two drams, and give as above directed. It is a good plan

to repeat the above treatment in ten days to insure the removal of any

worms which may have survived the first treatment.

SCROTAL RUPTURE

(Inguinal Hernia)

CAUSE: Abnormal size of the upper ring through which a part of the

intestines or its connecting membrane descends into and through the

canal leading from the abdomen to the scrotal cavity. There is little

danger of strangulation from this form of rupture which may occur at

birth and disappear with age. A careful examination should therefore be

made of the scrotum before castration.

SYMPTOMS: In most cases, this condition is easily detected. The scrotum

will be somewhat enlarged. Sometimes the intestines will become

strangulated and colicky symptoms appear. When a young male colt shows

signs of colic, examine him for Scrotal Rupture.

TREATMENT: The trouble usually disappears with age although in some

cases it is well to operate. Where colicky symptoms are present, roll

the colt on its back, manipulating the scrotum. Diet carefully.

SHOE BOIL

(Capped Elbow)

CAUSE: Injuries, bruises or pressure when lying on a rough floor. Sharp

heeled shoes and kicks also have a tendency to produce it.

SYMPTOMS: A hot painful swelling of the Elbow joint when first noticed.

When neglected, it takes on a white fibrous or callous growth.

TREATMENT: First remove the cause. Do not lance the enlargement; let it

come to a head of its own accord, by applying Red Iodide of Mercury, two

drams; Pulv. Cantharides, three drams; Lard, two ounces. Mix well

together and apply twice a week. When the swelling is hot and painful it

is well to apply cold water or ice packs before applying the above

mentioned prescription.

SPLINTS

CAUSE: This disease is chiefly produced by trotting or running on hard

ground, etc. It is evident that horses with high knee action and heavy

bodies are more liable to this disease. Jumping is also a common cause

of splints, but the more accustomed a horse is to jumping the less

liable he is to throw splints, because practice teaches the animal to

regulate his movements so as to more or less diminish the disagreeable

if not actually painful effect of concussion.

SYMPTOMS: A splint is detected by grasping the horse's leg with the

fingers upon one side and the thumb upon the other, and tracing the

inner and outer splint bones from their heads downward to their tapering

extremities. Any actual enlargement will at once arrest the hand; any

rising or irregularity will create suspicion and lead to close

examination. Horses, especially young ones which have lately been put to

work, not infrequently develop splints before any swelling appears. For

this reason, in examining a case of obscure lameness, particularly if

the animal is young, do not fail to look for the sign of splint

lameness, namely: that the lameness is abnormally greater at a trot than

at a walk and that the animal usually fails to bend the knees freely and

grows worse with exercise. The last mentioned condition is also present

with corns, but an examination of the foot will determine the question

of their existence. In young horses splints are sometimes mistaken for

coffin-joint lameness or navicular disease. To avoid this error, it

should be remembered that, when brought on by navicular disease, the

action of the limb improves with exercise; also that horses of five

years of age or less very rarely suffer from coffin-joint disease. Some

horses, owing to unusual development of the inner splint bones of the

fore legs may appear to have splints, although careful examination may

prove both limbs to be free from any bony deposit. When deciding such a

point, note if the two inner splint bones are of the same size. Any

swelling perceptible in a limb recently affected with splint-lameness is

usually attended by heat and pain.

TREATMENT: If there is heat present, foment with hot or cold water; when

heat has subsided, apply the following ointment: Red Iodide of Mercury,

two drams; Turpentine, twenty drops, and mix. Apply every forty-eight

hours until three applications have been applied. Rub in for twenty

minutes each time.

During this treatment use the horse for slow work on soft roads, etc. As

a rule the splints will not disappear at once, but will gradually. I may

add that common splints are not considered an unsoundness.

PRIZE WINNING PERCHERON STALLIONS LYCEE 105934 (102746);

KAPON 97589 (90705); MICMAC 106083 (105208),

AND MARTELET 106199 (106199).

Owned by Oaklawn Farm, Wayne, Ill. (Dunhams)

SPASMODIC COLIC

CAUSE: Horses seem to be predisposed to this form of colic on account of

the great length of their intestines which are apt to be telescoped,

twisted or their circular muscular fibers spasmodically contracted.

Perhaps the principal cause is a change of food, sudden change of

temperature, constipation, drinking cold or too large a quantity of

water, especially if the animal is warm; overloading the stomach with

frozen or mouldy food. Worms frequently produce colic.

SYMPTOMS: If the animal is tied it will become uneasy, paw, point its

nose to the flank, twitch the tail, lie down and get up frequently. If

the animal is loose it will walk around, paw, kick at its belly with the

hind feet, make attempts to lie down, roll on its back and remain in

that position for a while. The pulse increases with the pain,

temperature rises from one-half to one degree, breathing labored and

fast, the animal sweats in spots, there may be diarrhoea present, but

this does not frequently occur.

Unfavorable symptoms of spasmodic colic are cold legs to the feet, point

of the ears cold, trembling of the muscles, cold sweats, mucous

membranes of the nose, mouth and eyes have a dark color due to the

congestion.

TREATMENT: In all cases of spasmodic colic, except where there is

diarrhoea present or mares heavily in foal, give Aloin, two drams;

Ginger, two drams. Place in gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun.

It is advisable to give rectal injection of Warm Water and Glycerine.

They are soothing and cooling to the intestinal canal. Also give the

following prescription: Pulv. Nux Vomica, four ounces; Carbonate of

Ammonia, four ounces; Asafoetida, four ounces. Make into six powders;

place one powder in gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun every two

hours until relieved. The former prescription removes the cause as it is

a physic. The latter contains medicines blended so as to counteract the

spasmodic contractions of the bowels. It is also a heart stimulant, just

what is needed in colic to keep up the animal's vitality. Beware of

colic remedies that are given in drop doses. They contain drugs to only

relieve the pain and not remove the cause. When their effects are worn

off, the disease has progressed; the animal's heart action has been

weakened and chances are that the animal will die. If drenching is

resorted to, it must be done with great precaution. Remember a horse

cannot breathe through his mouth.

SIDE BONES

CAUSE: The chief causes of Side Bones are: Deprivation of frog pressure,

injuries, high heeled shoes, the use of which is almost entirely

confined to draft horses. A high-heeled shoe prevents the frog from

resting on the ground which is its natural support.

SYMPTOMS: Enlargement just above the hoof, usually affecting the front

feet, or may affect only one side of one of the feet. The pain which

produces the lameness is due to pressure on the soft tissues between the

newly formed side bone and the hoof. Sometimes the enlargement has a

tendency to spread the hoof. In such a case the lameness is not so

severe.

TREATMENT: Clip the hair from over the Side Bone and rasp the foot below

the enlargement, so that the hoof will be flexible on pressure from the

fingers. Then apply the following to both the enlargement and the rasped

surface on the hoof: Red Iodide of Mercury, two drams; Pulv.

Cantharides, four drams. Mix well in two ounces of Lard and apply every

forty-eight hours until three applications have been applied.

If you must work the animal, put it to some easy work where it has soft

ground to walk upon.

STAGGERS

(Forage Poisoning--Inflammation of the Brain)

(Cerebral Meningitis)

CAUSE: Certain plants or stagnant water are most commonly instrumental

in producing staggers; frequently seen in the early autumn months when

the grass in the pastures becomes dry and certain forage remains green

which contains toxic principles. These plants are ravenously eaten by

horses on account of being green and tender. This is one of the common

causes of the disease, although mouldy, indigestible or highly

nitrogenous foods are frequently producers of staggers. This form of

staggers is not contagious, although what produces staggers in one horse

will also produce it in another. In this way several horses may become

affected with staggers at the same time. Inflammation of the brain may

occur as a complication of some infectious or digestive disease. Other

causes are blows to the head, tumors in or on the brain, which cause the

animal to naturally stagger, as the brain controls the horse's organs of

locomotion.

SYMPTOMS: Vary to a certain extent, but a careful observer will detect

some trouble connected with the nervous system, as the animal walking

unsteadily, stepping high and keeping the legs spread apart, bracing

itself to keep from falling. There is also great depression, as dullness

and sleepiness with little or no inclination to move about. The head may

be placed against a wall or fence and the legs kept moving as if the

horse were trying to walk. As the disease progresses and no attempts are

made to relieve it, they will become fractious, nervous, easily excited,

pawing and eventually fall, keeping the feet moving as if walking,

throwing their heads about in a delirious manner and eventually death

follows. The horse as a rule eats and drinks ravenously when the first

signs of staggers are noticed, but in its latter stages the tongue and

gullet become paralyzed and although the animal attempts to eat and

drink he cannot swallow. The pulse varies. It is strong, but subnormal

when the first symptoms of staggers are noticed, that is to say, it is

as slow as twenty to twenty-five beats per minute. As the disease

progresses, however, it becomes weaker and faster. Constipation

frequently accompanies this disease, also paleness tinged with yellow

about the mucous membranes of the mouth and eyes. In many instances I

believe that the poisonous forage eaten by horses depresses the heart

action to such an extent that it results in the brain not receiving the

proper blood supply, causing dizziness or staggers.

TREATMENT: Place the animal in a clean, dark stall, keeping the

surroundings as quiet as possible. In its first stages it is easily

treated, but as the horse becomes easily excited and his swallowing

becomes difficult, treatment becomes more difficult. When the first

signs are noticed, administer a physic as: Aloin, two or three drams;

Ginger, two or three drams, according to the size of the animal. Place

in gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun. This physic removes the

irritant from the intestines and prevents its absorption into the blood.

Also administer the following: Bromide of Potassium, twelve ounces;

Nitrate of Potash, four ounces; Iodide of Potash, three ounces. Make

into twenty-four capsules and give one capsule every four hours.

My method of administering medicine to animals places me in a position

to treat them and compel them to take the medicine even though paralysis

may exist. When animals will eat, feed food that is easily digested, as

hot wheat bran mashes, steamed rolled oats and vegetables and give small

quantities, but often, of clean fresh water. It is necessary to give

stimulants and tonics as soon as they are on the road to recovery, as

Pulv. Nux Vomica, four ounces; Pulv. Gentian Root, four ounces; Sulphate

of Iron, two ounces. Make into sixteen capsules and give one capsule

three times daily.

STIFLE JOINT LAMENESS

(Dislocation of the Patella)

Although dislocations are infrequent, this is the most common form which

occurs in the horse.

CAUSE: Young loose jointed horses are predisposed to dislocation of the

stifle on account of the comparative want of strength of their

ligaments. They are much more liable to this accident than older horses,

especially if they are in poor health or in rough hilly pastures; the

nature of which would naturally make them susceptible to this injury,

which, however, may take place as a result of accident at any age. Young

horses that suffer, off and on from dislocation, often lose their

liability with increasing strength and age. This dislocation may be

partial or complete. In the former instance and the most common is where

the patella, or the little stifle bone that glides in the groove

composed of the lower hip and upper thigh bones, has become partially

dislocated or removed from its natural position.

SYMPTOMS: When the dislocation is complete the affected limb is drawn

forward, while the foot from the pastern down is drawn backward, and the

animal may throw weight on it when made to move, which is accomplished

with great difficulty. When the dislocation is partial, the symptoms are

about the same as mentioned, only the limb is less rigid. If the horse

is moved, the stifle makes a klick sound. In this form, you may have

both limbs affected.

TREATMENT: In partial dislocation, the stifle bone may be replaced by

drawing the leg forward, and with the hand pressing in on the stifle. In

complete dislocation, tie a rope around the pastern of the affected leg,

then draw the rope through a collar placed around the horse's neck and

draw forward as far as possible and tie. Then press with both hands

inward. After the stifle is placed back into position use the following

liniment: Aqua Ammonia Fort., four ounces; Oil of Turpentine, four

ounces; Raw Linseed Oil, four ounces. Mix and apply well over the stifle

joint once or twice a day for two or three days. Feed nourishing food

and put the animal to slow, easy work or turn out to good pasture.

In old chronic cases of Stifle Joint Lameness, treatment is of no value,

therefore, care for the animal as soon as the catch in the walk or

lameness appears.

STRING-HALT

CAUSE: Several theories have been put forth as to the cause of

String-Halt which is generally supposed to be a nervous disease; a

condition opposite to paralysis. The exact cause of this disease is hard

to determine, but it is likely to occur in highly nervous horses. It

sometimes follows an injury which may have irritated the nerves in some

way. I believe that castration causes it in many instances, due to the

severe struggle when being thrown, or pulling down severely on the

spermatic cord when removing the testicle.

SYMPTOMS: Spasmodic contraction of one or both limbs. This sign varies,

as sometimes it is very violent, while in others it may be so slight

that it is hard to detect when stepping the horse forward, but on

backing or turning the horse around the signs are easily noticed. All

symptoms are better marked in the winter than in the summer, as some

show it in the winter that do not show it in the summer at all.

TREATMENT: Very unsuccessful, although an operation proves beneficial in

some cases, but if this is attempted, the services of a competent

Veterinarian should be secured.

The feeding of laxative foods that are easily digested relieves

String-Halt in many instances.

SORE THROAT

(Pharyngitis--Laryngitis)

CAUSE: Exposure to cold weather or rain when the animal is not

accustomed to it; drenching with irritating medicines or inhaling

irritating smoke or gases.

SYMPTOMS: At first the animal generally chills, the legs and ears are

cold, but eventually they become very warm as the temperature increases,

coughing, grinding of the teeth, saliva oozing from the mouth; the

animal will hold its head in a stiff straight position, moving it as

little as possible. There will be great difficulty in masticating and

swallowing, as the food will come from the mouth in the form of wads,

and as this soreness of the throat progresses food will also come from

the nostrils. This is a bad sign, as extensive inflammation is no doubt

present. Water, also, runs through the nostrils freely when the animal

attempts to drink, due to the swollen condition of the throat. The

animal forces the water back into the mouth, but is unable to swallow

and hence the water gushes out through the nostrils. The animal evinces

great pain when pressure is applied from the outside and he breathes

with great difficulty. Although the pulse is not much affected at this

stage, the temperature is elevated from one to two degrees above normal.

The urine becomes scanty and highly colored, the eyes bloodshot and

discharging. Eventually the throat becomes greatly swollen and abscesses

may form and discharge. As a rule constipation is associated with this

disease.

TREATMENT: Mild attacks of sore throat are easily treated, but when

serious cases develop, it is unsuccessful. Place the animal in a clean,

comfortable stall; permit as much fresh air as possible, but avoid all

drafts. If the weather is chilly, blanket the animal, hand rub the legs

and bandage with woolen cloths or bandage. Administer a mixture made

from Chlorate of Potash, three ounces; Nitrate of Potash, three ounces;

Tannic Acid, one-half ounce; Molasses, one-half pint; Pine Tar, one-half

pint. Mix well and place about one tablespoonful on the tongue every two

hours in severe cases; in mild attacks, give less frequently. When they

will eat, feed food that is easily digested, as hot wheat bran mashes

and steamed rolled oats containing two or three ounces of pure ground

flaxseed. It is always necessary to apply strong liniments to the

throat, as they relieve inflammation and stimulate the formation of an

abscess. The following liniment will be found very beneficial: Aqua

Ammonia Fort., four ounces; Oil of Turpentine, four ounces; Sweet Oil,

six ounces; shake well and apply two or three times daily. If the

swelling is extreme between the jaws, so as to interfere with the

animal's breathing, it is well to lance the abscess if a soft spot can

be found. Just cut through the skin with a knife; then use a clean blunt

instrument to locate the pus cavity. Otherwise, severe hemorrhage may be

produced.

SURFEIT

(Nettle-Rash--Urtecaria)

CAUSE: The usual cause of Surfeit is supposed to be due to a character

of food consumed which upsets the animal's digestive organs, the skin

being continuous with the mucous membranes lining the intestinal canal.

A disturbance of the one structure is readily communicated to the other.

Apparently, owing to the extreme dry nature of the forage during the

greater part of the year, horses in the United States frequently suffer

from Surfeit.

SYMPTOMS: Surfeit is a term applied to an eruption of small irregular

lumps or boils which are more or less painful to the touch and which

break out suddenly as a rule on the horse's body and neck, and in rare

cases on the legs. A favorite seat of Surfeit is the parts covered with

the harness or saddle and along the neck and withers. Surfeit is very

troublesome and annoys both the horse and driver, especially when the

horse perspires, as he will rub violently when coming in contact with

any object.

TREATMENT: Give two to four ounces of Epsom Salts in hot wheat bran

mashes every morning. Feed as much sloppy food as possible, vegetables,

etc. Avoid feeding dry woody hay, as it irritates the intestines and

aggravates the disease.

SWEENEY

(Atrophy)

CAUSE: An ill fitting collar, one tug longer than the other, striking an

object when pulling, like a stone or a corner of a building, slipping,

kicks, or the animal may have a splint, sprain, ringbone, side bone,

coffin-joint lameness, curb, corns, stifle lameness, in fact anything

that tends to make an animal favor the use of certain muscles. It is not

a disease, just a lack in the development of the muscles, which waste

away or shrink when not used as nature provided. For instance, perhaps

you have had or have seen persons that had a fractured leg or arm and on

account of not being able to use the leg or arm the muscles wasted away

(Atrophy), until they were used normally for sometime, when the muscles

again came back to their normal size.

SYMPTOMS: First locate the cause. The animal may be very lame although I

have seen Sweeneys where lameness was very hard to detect, being those

which were usually due to ill fitting collars. Remember you can have a

Sweeney of the hip as well as the shoulder, and keep in mind the above

mentioned causes.

TREATMENT: When you have an animal affected with Sweeney, find the true

cause and remove it if possible. Unless the Sweeney is an old chronic

one, it is successfully treated with Aqua Ammonia Fort., four ounces;

Turpentine, four ounces; Sweet Oil, four ounces. Mix and apply well over

wasted muscles once a day. If the application is too irritating, as some

horses have thinner skins than others, it is advisable to add more Sweet

Oil than above mentioned.

TAPEWORM

(Taenia)

These worms have been found in the horse, but so rarely that they need

not be considered.

THOROUGHPIN

CAUSE: Generally due to some irritation of the hock joint such as severe

sprains from animal jumping, slipping, kick or falling through a culvert

or bridge or it is frequently hereditary; so be very careful in choosing

a sire when breeding.

SYMPTOMS: Sometimes there is lameness when the Thoroughpin is first

noticed, but it will gradually disappear as soon as the inflammation

ceases. There will be a puffy, soft enlargement which occurs at the

upper and back part of the hock, beneath the great tendons. Generally

both sides are enlarged and puffy, but occasionally it happens that one

side is only involved. Thoroughpin is also a forerunner of Bog Spavin as

they generally are connected, as you are aware that the hock contains

joint oil as all other joints do, retained in place by a thin, white

fibrous membrane. Irritation of the hock joint tends to develop an extra

large quantity of joint oil, and the hock is less protected by tendons

where a Thoroughpin or Bog Spavin occurs--hence those puffy swellings

are filled with joint oil and are connected. If you press on one side of

a Thoroughpin, you will see the other side bulge out. If you press on a

Bog Spavin and there is a Thoroughpin present, you will see it bulge on

either side of the Thoroughpin--or vice versa.

TREATMENT: If on an old horse and the Thoroughpin is of long standing,

treatment is unsatisfactory, but on the other hand if the animal is

young it can be successfully treated with Tincture of Iodine, one ounce;

Gum Camphor, two ounces; Gasolene, one pint. Mix well and rub in with

nail or tooth brush twice a week. Keep the animal as quiet as possible

as the results will be accomplished much sooner. Never attempt to open

or lance a puffy swelling about a joint as it contains joint oil. The

result would be an open joint.

THRUSH

CAUSE: The two main causes of Thrush are lack of pressure on the frog

and the decomposing effect of filth and fermentation of organic matter

which accumulates in the cleft of the frog.

SYMPTOMS: The animal in some cases is lame; there will be a swelling

accompanied by a very fetid discharge; in some cases the frog has

practically rotted away; there will be more or less inflammation in the

foot. The legs may even swell. Thrush is more frequently found in the

hind feet because of the manure and filth with which they must come in

contact.

TREATMENT: Cut away all loose pieces of horn from over the frog and

apply a Flaxseed meal poultice and leave it on for twenty-four hours,

after which wash well with Soap and warm water. Then apply Calomel to

the groove in the frog. Keep the foot clean. Do not allow the animal to

stand in filth.

WIND COLIC

(Flatulent Colic)

CAUSE: This dangerous form of Colic is a distension of the bowels with

gas, resulting generally from the decomposition of undigested food in

the bowels. It sometimes follows Spasmodic Colic, in which there is

first spasms due to the irritations set up by the presence of undigested

matter, and subsequently this food decomposes and forms gas. I may

conclude that Flatulent or Wind Colic is usually caused by errors in

feeding and watering horses. Perhaps the animal has been given large

quantities of rank grass, watery roots, which on account of its moist

nature is quickly swallowed without being properly masticated.

SYMPTOMS: The signs resemble those of Spasmodic Colic, except that they

are less violent. In most cases there is general accumulation of gas,

the abdomen distended to a considerable size before the animal shows

signs of uneasiness. In cases where the animal swells on the right side,

it is the large intestines filled with gas. In other cases where both

sides are equally swollen, the stomach and small intestines contain gas.

The horse's back will have an arched appearance, passing of gas from the

anus frequently, the horse will make attempts to vomit. In some cases

actual vomiting takes place. This is a bad sign, as rupture of the

stomach usually occurs at this stage.

TREATMENT: Give Aloin, two drams; Ginger, two drams, in gelatin capsule

and give with capsule gun. However, this is a physic and should not be

given to mares heavily in foal. Also apply to the abdominal cavity,

liniment consisting of Aqua Ammonia Fort., four ounces; Oil of

Turpentine, four ounces; Sweet Oil, four ounces. Mix and rub in well

over the abdomen.

To mares heavy with foal, apply the above liniment and give rectal

injections of Glycerine and warm water frequently.

The following remedy should be administered to all cases of Colic,

including mares heavy with foal: Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia, six

ounces; Turpentine, six ounces. Mix well together and place one ounce in

gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun every hour. Puncturing the

intestines is advisable in some cases to relieve them of gas. This

requires a special instrument for the purpose and no one should attempt

to perform the operation unless they know the anatomy of the part, as

the arteries of the intestines may be penetrated and produce internal

hemorrhage or infection of the intestines, or abscesses may follow.

WIND GALLS

CAUSE: By concussions from fast work on hard roads and from sprains from

slipping.

SYMPTOMS: When concussions alone are responsible, the suspensory

ligament and the back tendons will at first be in a normal condition,

and the swelling will probably be confined to both the inside and

outside of the leg, and may be felt in the form of a puffy swelling on

each side of the fetlock by placing the fore finger and the thumb on the

joint. In more serious cases resulting from sprains, the vacant space

between the back tendons and the suspensory ligament may also become

filled with fluids. In other words, a Wind Gall has formed. In some

cases the animal may be lame.

TREATMENT: When there is heat present apply cold, wet packs until the

heat disappears. Then apply Tincture of Iodine, one ounce; Gum Camphor,

two ounces; to one pint of Gasolene. Apply every three days with nail or

tooth brush. Shake contents of the bottle well each time before

applying.

I may add that this is a very difficult blemish to treat and is not

always successful, so do not be discouraged if the enlargements do not

disappear, but the above prescription has proven the most successful of

any treatment I have personally used in my private practice.

WOLF OR SUPERNUMERARY TEETH

Wolf Teeth are comparatively small in size and have only one root and

are found just in front of the upper molar teeth. Sometimes they do

harm, but that is an exception and not the rule. They can be easily

removed with a pair of small forceps or they may be punched out in some

instances.

I think they interfere with the eyes, causing them to become watery and

inflamed due to the tooth exerting some influence upon the ophthalmic

division of the fifth nerve.

Supernumerary Teeth: Tooth substance may develop in almost any part of

the body. These are called Supernumerary Teeth and are most commonly

found in the testicles, ovaries and sinuses of the head, etc.

WOUNDS

Wounds caused by external injuries have a general resemblance, and

whether clean-cut, punctured, lacerated, poisonous, gunshot, etc.,

require practically the same treatment.

TREATMENT: Wash with a Carbolic solution, one tablespoonful to one pint

of distilled water.

SEWING OF WOUNDS: I cannot say that I am in favor of sewing wounds

unless they are gaping or wide open.

After the wound is washed, dust with Iodoform, Boracic Acid and Tannic

Acid, each one ounce. Powder finely and place in a sifter top can and

apply twice daily. Cord or heavy thread may be used for sewing the wound

after being saturated in a Carbolic Acid solution, using a large darning

needle. If the animal is vicious, place a twitch on his nose or it may

be necessary to throw him.

DISEASES OF CATTLE

Causes, Symptoms and Treatments

1. Mouth

2. Nostrils

3. Muzzle

4. Face

5. Eyes

6. Forehead

7. Ears

6. Poll

9. Horns

10. Jaws

11. Dewlap

12. Brisket

13. Neck

14. Withers

15. Crops

16. Shoulders

17. Heart Girth

18. Fore flank

19. Legs

20. Feet

21. Dew claws

22. Belly

23. Milk wells

24. Milk veins

25. Fore udder

26. Teats

27. Barrel or ribs

28. Back

29. Coupling

30. Rear Flanks

31. Hook points

32. Tail-head

33. Pin bones or thurls

34. Rump

35. Esoutcheon

36. Tail

37. Thighs

38. Rear Udder

39. Switch

CHAPTER II

ABSCESSES

CAUSE: Bruises and injuries. They are also seen in complication with

various other diseases, as Laryngitis, Pharyngitis, Tuberculosis, Lump

Jaw, Blood Poison or Pyemia and Septicemia.

SYMPTOMS: Symptoms will vary according to the nature of the disease or

injury. It may not be noticed at first, but upon careful examination

swollen lines will be observed running from the point of swelling. In

many cases a swelling is noticed which is hot, painful and throbbing,

which enlarges rapidly in two or three days. The swelling and heat

gradually disappear but the Abscess continues to grow. The hair falls

from the point of swelling and in a short time breaks and discharges

pus. The cavity gradually fills up and heals by granulation.

TREATMENT: In all cases, hasten the ripening process as much as possible

by applying hot water packs or hot bran, flaxseed or vegetable

poultices. It is common with Veterinarians to lance an Abscess as soon

as possible, but this requires considerable skill and practice and I

would advise stock owners to be very cautious when performing this

operation, as there is great danger of cutting arteries which would

cause excessive bleeding. A very good plan is to encourage the full

ripening of an Abscess, as above stated. When opened, do not squeeze the

Abscess to any extent, but press gently with clean hands or cloth to

remove the core or clot. After this, just simply keep the Abscess open

by washing with a three per cent Carbolic Acid solution, or Bichloride

of Mercury, one in one thousand solution. Hyposulphite of Soda in ounce

doses should be given two or three times a day in their drinking water.

This will prevent the absorption of impurities from the abscess into the

blood circulation.

ABORTION

(Non-Contagious)

CAUSE: Injuries from slipping or falling on icy roads, in box cars, and

deep gutters; receiving blows on the body, keeping the animal in

insanitary stables, eating poor food that may be irritating or

poisonous, etc. In such cases, the cow's vitality is low so that the

foetus dies and is expelled as a result. Losing large quantities of

blood also produces Abortion, or a cow heavy with calf, on being placed

in the same quarters with the cows that retain their afterbirth, is

liable to abort. Intestinal worms, lung worms, liver flukes, causing an

excessive drain upon the system or producing irritation of the digestive

organs, in consequence of which cow gets very poor and emaciated. The

above mentioned are perhaps the most common causes of "Non-Contagious

Abortion."

SYMPTOMS: The cow is uneasy, becomes separated from the herd, the bag

and vagina may be slightly inflamed and perhaps the latter discharging.

If a cow heavy with calf craves the chewing and eating of dirt, rags,

nails, etc., this is a sign of a lack of iron or phosphorus in her

system and food containing these elements should be provided.

PREVENTIVE TREATMENT: Provide clean, warm, comfortable quarters, good

food, pure water to drink, do not subject her to any injuries, do not

permit her coming in contact with cows retaining their afterbirth.

The above mentioned is very important, especially if the cows are

valuable and a large yield of milk is expected. If they have worms,

treat the same as under their special heading. If they have a loss of

blood or a lack of mineral matter in their system, the following is very

efficient: Pulv. Ferri Sulphate, four ounces; Pulv. Nux Vomica, two

ounces; Pulv. Fenugreek Seed, four ounces. Mix and make into sixteen

powders. Give one powder two or three times a day in feed or place in a

gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun.

AMAUROSIS OF THE EYE

CAUSE: Paralysis of the optic nerve.

SYMPTOMS: Pupil fully dilated and of a glassy appearance. This condition

is sometimes called "Glass Eye." The cow carries the head high and steps

high. This condition is very uncommon in cattle.

TREATMENT: Nothing can be done for a cow if she is blind, but this

condition may be prevented if detected in its early stages of

development by the proper feeding of nourishing food, good clean

surroundings and the administration of nerve tonics, as Pulv. Nux

Vomica, four ounces; Pulv. Gentian Root, four ounces; Potassium Iodide,

three ounces. Make into twenty-four powders and place one powder in feed

two or three times daily; or make into twenty-four capsules and give one

capsule two or three times a day with capsule gun.

ANTHRAX

Anthrax is a very contagious disease and is communicable to all warm

blooded animals and man.

CAUSE: Due to the presence of a germ called the Bacillus of Anthrax and

is one of the oldest diseases attributed to germs. These Bacilli thrive

in warm climates, although found in cold countries. The infection is

carried to various parts of the world by box-cars, ships, hides, hoofs,

horns, wool and hair taken from sick or dead animals affected with

Anthrax. This, perhaps, is the most common method of spreading the

disease.

SYMPTOMS: Loss of appetite, grinding of the teeth indicating great pain,

trembling of the muscles, temperature elevated to 104 or 106 degrees F.,

breathing very rapid, pulse fast and weak, hair rough. There are some

cases where the animals are seized quickly with the disease and die very

suddenly. This form resembles apoplexy. Carbuncles or Abscesses are seen

on the surface of the body in nearly all cases, also a bloody discharge

from the mouth and nose. The animal may stamp the ground, rear in the

air, run and finally go into convulsions and die. This is termed "the

furious form of Anthrax."

TREATMENT: Prevention is the most important. Fields or pastures that are

infected with this disease should be burned every summer if possible, to

destroy the germs. The animals that succumb to the disease should be

buried deeply and quicklime thrown upon them, also any blood stains upon

the ground should have a strong disinfectant thrown upon them. The hide

of such an animal should not be used as the person removing it is likely

to contract the same disease, especially if an abrasion is present on

the hand, or such a hide or any portion thereof is likely to spread the

infection after reaching the tannery, etc.

MEDICAL TREATMENT OR SERUM TREATMENT: This is the only thorough method

of eradicating the disease, and when this disease once becomes prevalent

in a locality the services of a competent Veterinarian should be secured

and all the animals inoculated.

BARRENNESS

(Failure to Breed)

CAUSE: Wasting or Atrophy, chronic inflammation of the mucous membrane

lining the organs of generation, Whites, absence or excessive secretions

of the organs of generation, contraction or displacement of the womb,

horns being telescoped or twisted, cysts or growths of the ovaries,

in-breeding or being a twin, are the predisposing causes of Barrenness.

TREATMENT: Unsuccessful as a rule. Unless the cow is very valuable,

treatment is not advisable. A careful examination, however, is

recommended. If due to contraction of the neck of the womb it can be

readily dilated by the use of the hand, after being greased with

Carbolated Sweet Oil before attempting to perform the operation.

BLACK LEG

(Symptomatic Anthrax--Black Quarter)

CAUSE: Due to germs. The Bacillus of Black Leg perhaps gains entrance to

the blood by wounds of the skin or the mucous membranes lining the mouth

and the intestines. This disease principally affects cattle, although

sheep and goats may become affected with the same disease.

SYMPTOMS: This disease affects cattle that are in good condition between

the ages of six months and two years. In most cases death is very

sudden, and perhaps the animal is found dead. The first symptoms are

high temperatures from 104 to 108 degrees F., loss of appetite, the

animal stops chewing the cud, breathing considerably hurried, the joints

of the limbs become swollen, also the chest and shoulders. All the

swellings are painful on pressure and spread very rapidly over the body.

The affected animals move with great difficulty and lie down frequently.

If the hand is passed over the body, there is a peculiar crackling sound

due to the gas developing under the skin. At the most distended portions

of the swellings, the skin becomes dry and the animal apparently has no

sense of feeling. If the skin is punctured at this place, there will be

a dark-red, frothy discharge which has a very disagreeable odor. There

will be a shivering of the muscles and the animal dies from convulsions.

TREATMENT: Remove non-affected animals to non-infected pastures, and

confine affected animals to as small a territory as possible. The

carcasses of the dead animals should be buried deep and covered with

lime or burned, being very careful that all blood stains on the ground

where the animals have been skinned are thoroughly disinfected.

Inoculation is necessary, and is the best form of treatment in

localities where Black Leg exists. Inoculate or vaccinate the calves

when six months old or over, although after the animal reaches the age

of two years or over they generally become immune from this disease.

BLEEDING

(Hemorrhage)

CAUSE: Sometimes bleeding follows dehorning, castration, and wounds due

to various other causes.

TREATMENT: When bleeding from a large artery, it should be tied with a

clean silk or linen thread or twisted with a pair of forceps or

cauterized with a hot iron. Sometimes compression by the use of tightly

bound bandages proves effective, although the former appliances are more

practical. Tincture Chloride of Iron applied to small arteries or veins

causes the blood to clot in the arteries or veins and hence stops the

Hemorrhage. It is very essential that all wounds should be treated

antiseptically and I cannot say that I favor washing a wound with water

only in cases where the wound is very filthy, and I prefer powder

applications in preference to any other antiseptics. The following will

be found very effective in the treatment of the majority of wounds:

Boracic Acid, two ounces; Iodoform, two drams; Tannic Acid, one-half

ounce; Calomel, one dram. Powder finely and mix well. Place in sifter

top can and apply two or three times daily.

BLOATING

A very common disorder in cattle and characterized by a puffed up

appearance of the left flank. The cow has four stomachs of which the

rumen is the largest, its capacity being about fifty gallons in the

average cow, and it is this stomach which fills with gas when a cow

bloats.

CAUSE: Eating green clover or alfalfa; even when a cow is accustomed to

this diet, it may cause bloating if wet with dew or rain; cured alfalfa,

moldy or frozen mangles will also produce bloating; the above mentioned

foods undergo a process of fermentation which causes excessive formation

of gas, and death may result very quickly and may be due to rupture of

the stomach or the diaphragm (muscle separating the abdominal and lung

cavities), but is more often due to suffocation caused by the distension

of the stomach which becomes so large that it presses the diaphragm

forward against the lungs in such a manner as to stop their movement and

the animal smothers. When the cow falls, it indicates that one of these

possibilities has occurred and death follows quickly.

SYMPTOMS: Cattle usually bloat suddenly and without warning; the left

flank becomes abnormally swollen; back is arched, breathing labored;

sometimes the tongue hangs out and the animal bellows. When rupture or

suffocation occurs the animal reels, staggers, and falls, after which

nothing more can be done.

TREATMENT: No time should be lost. Where the stomach is enormously

distended with gas so as to cause the animals to stagger and breathe

very rapidly, they should be gagged. This can be easily accomplished by

taking a piece of wood about two inches in diameter, and eight inches to

one foot long, placing it in their mouth and retaining it in that

position by tying a string on each end and placing it back of the ears.

If this does not give relief immediately, puncture the left flank about

five inches downward and forward from the angle of hip bone. However,

puncturing should not be resorted to only in cases where death threatens

the animal, as abscesses, infection and severe hemorrhage may follow.  A

very reliable medical treatment for this condition should be in the

medicine chest of every stockman, such as Pulv. Asafetida, Oil of

Turpentine, each one ounce. Place in gelatin capsules. This is a very

efficient remedy for the eradication of excessive fermentation of gases

in the stomach or bloating.

BLOOD POISON

(Pyemia-Septicaemia)

CAUSE: Due to a septic infection taken into the blood, frequently found

in cows with retained afterbirths, following inflammation of the womb or

intestines, wounds and bruises of the skin and frequently found in

calves affected with Joint Ill.

SYMPTOMS: High temperature 103 to 107 degrees F., pulse rapid and

feeble, breathing increased, grinding of the teeth, the animal refuses

to eat in most cases and ceases to chew the cud, although there may be

great thirst present. Abscesses may form in various parts of the body,

the membranes of the eyes and mouth will be injected with blood, giving

them a dark-red appearance, although in the latter stages of Blood

Poison this may change to a yellowish tinge. Constipation or Diarrhoea

may be connected with the disease. The animal dies by general emaciation

from four to six days after the first symptoms are noticed.

TREATMENT: Unsuccessful, as when the infection once becomes absorbed in

the blood it is always certain that death will follow. If due to

injuries or wounds, wash them with Bichloride solution, one part to one

thousand parts of water, but if due to retained afterbirth or

inflammation of the womb, inject one gallon of distilled water

containing five per cent Carbolic Acid. If in young calves, treat the

same as under the heading of Joint Ill. If due to inflammation of the

intestines, give Hyposulphite of Soda, two ounces; Potassi Iodide, one

dram, two or three times a day in their drinking water. When abscesses

form, lance them with a clean, sharp knife. If the animal is constipated

place two drams of Aloin, two drams of Pulv. Gentian Root in a capsule

and give with capsule gun. If Diarrhoea is present give Gum Catechu, two

drams; Protan, three drams; Zinc Sulphocarbolates, one grain. Place in

gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun. Feed warm wheat bran mashes,

steamed rolled oats, vegetables and green grass, if possible.

BLOODY FLUX

(Dysentery)

CAUSE: Chilling of the outer surface of the body. Improper feeding, as

contaminated food or water, sometimes connected with parasitic diseases

of the intestines.

SYMPTOMS: Dysentery is a sign of some irritation of the intestines

terminating into increased contractions of muscular fibers of the

bowels. The fecal matter, if frequently expelled, at first consists of a

thick feces, but as the disease progresses the fecal matter becomes very

thin and watery and tinged with blood and very offensive. When the first

signs are noticed the animals show no constitutional disturbances, but

later they exhibit abdominal pain by looking around to the flank. At

this stage they are very weak, throwing the feet well together, giving

the back an arched appearance, and are very uneasy although they may lie

down frequently. Temperature elevated from one to three degrees. The

animal becomes emaciated and eventually dies.

TREATMENT: Determine the cause and remove it if possible. Keep the

animal quiet. Give pure water to drink in small quantities but often. If

the animal will eat, feed steamed rolled oats, etc. Flaxseed tea is very

beneficial, as it is soothing to the intestines and assists in removing

the irritations. Pour one quart of boiling water on one-half pint of

pure Flaxseed, allowing it to cool, then compel the animal to drink it.

The following prescription will be found very effective in all forms of

Diarrhoea: Tannic Acid, one ounce; Protan, two ounces; Gum Catechu, two

ounces; Beechwood Creosote, four scruples; Zinc Sulphocarbolates, eight

grains. Make into eight capsules and give one capsule every three or

four hours with capsule gun.

DAIRY HERD AT OAKLAWN FARM, WAYNE, ILLS. (DUNHAMS.)

BLOODY MILK

CAUSE: Bloody Milk may be the result of injury, congestion, inflammation

of the udder. Feeding on rich milk-producing food suddenly may produce

it. Bloody Milk is also produced in a cow by excitement when in heat or

from eating resinous plants or shrubs.

TREATMENT: It is advisable in most cases to give a physic consisting of

two drams of Aloin and Ginger two drams. Also administer Potassium

Nitrate, four ounces; Potassium Chlorate, two ounces, made into eight

capsules and give one capsule twice daily with capsule gun. If due to

rich food, reduce it. If due to eating resinous plants, remove them from

the pasture containing such shrubbery. Where congestion or inflammation

of the bag is thought to produce it, apply Hot Water Packs, then dry and

apply Blue Ointment and Camphorated Ointment, equal parts, two ounces.

Mix well and rub on thoroughly two or three times a day.

BLUE MILK

CAUSE: This condition is due to a germ (the Bacillus Cyanogenes) which

may occur in rich milk or cream immediately after being drawn or the

germ may find its way into the opening of the teat.

TREATMENT: Injections into the teat of a solution composed of the

following: Hyposulphite of Soda, two drams; Boracic Acid, one dram,

dissolved in one pint of boiling water. Permit to cool and inject a

small quantity in each teat once or twice a day for three or four days.

This will destroy the Blue Milk producing germ without any injuries to

the cow, udder or teats.

BRONCHITIS

CAUSE: Inhaling irritating gases or foreign bodies. It is commonly seen

after drenching from liquid escaping into the windpipe instead of going

down the gullet. Animals exposed to cold, wet weather when not

accustomed to it frequently develop Bronchitis.

SYMPTOMS: Loss of appetite, chilling, temperature elevated two or three

degrees above normal; ears and legs cold, nose hot and dry, breathing

short and labored, painful coughing, slight discharge from the nostrils

and saliva oozing from the mouth. If the ear is placed over the lower

portion of the neck, a crepitating sound can be heard.

TREATMENT: Place the animal in a clean, comfortable stall where there is

pure air and light but no drafts. Clothe the body if the weather is

cold. Hand rub the legs and bandage with woolen cloths. Give inhalations

of steam from Hot Water and Pine Tar for twenty minutes two or three

times a day. Also administer Nux Vomica, four ounces; Ginger, four

ounces; Nitrate of Potash, four ounces. Make into sixteen capsules and

give one capsule every four hours. Applications of the following

liniment are of some value: Aqua Ammonia Fort., three ounces; Oil of

Turpentine, three ounces; Sweet Oil, six ounces. Apply over the region

of the windpipe the full length of the neck.

CALF SCOURS

(Cholera--White Scours--Bloody Flux)

CAUSE: It is produced by a specific germ and is communicated by direct

or indirect contact with the germ which may gain entrance into the blood

by the umbilical cord at or shortly after birth or through the digestive

canal by drinking milk or eating food contaminated with the

disease-producing germ. The more common means of spreading the disease

is through pails, drinking troughs, etc.

SYMPTOMS: One of the most deadly forms of Diarrhoea. This usually

appears a few days after birth, although in some cases it takes several

days for it to develop. Every sign of Diarrhoea is present, as frequent

passages of feces of a yellowish-white color, frothy and very offensive

in odor. The calf is very dull, weak, back arched, hair rough, eyes

glassy and sunken back in their sockets, belly retracted, breathing

short and fast. The calf finally lies flat on the side, head resting on

the floor or ground with a temperature generally below normal. The calf

finally becomes unconscious and death follows.

TREATMENT: Give Protan, three ounces; Zinc Sulphocarbolates, eight

grains; Gum Catechu, powdered, two ounces; Ginger, one ounce; Beechwood

Creosote, one dram. Make into eight capsules and give one capsule every

two hours until relieved. When the calf will take its feed, if not

nursing its mother, see that the milk is pure and the utensil containing

it thoroughly scalded with hot water. Keep the animal in clean, sanitary

quarters, as quiet as possible for a few days, and if the disease is not

too far advanced a good recovery will follow.

CALVING

Signs of Normal Calving are firmness and enlargement of the udder,

extending well forward following the milk veins. The teats as a rule

discharge a thin milky fluid, relaxation of the muscles on each side of

the croup or the base of the tail. The outer surface of the womb becomes

swollen and inflamed, discharging sticky, stringy, transparent mucus.

The cow becomes uneasy, stops eating, and if in a pasture becomes

separated from the rest of the herd; will lie down and get up

alternately as if in great agony. When birth pains start, the back is

arched, and a severe straining follows the contraction of the abdominal

muscles. The membranes covering the foetus will be the first to make

their appearance, engorged with a fluid from the womb. This is commonly

known as the water bag, which eventually bursts and the two fore feet

can be seen, and, as the animal continues to strain, the nose and head

will be next to be seen. When the calf's shoulders are exposed, the cow

as a rule rises suddenly to her feet and the entire calf is expelled,

also the membranes surrounding it, but the membranes next to the womb,

as a general rule, remain longer and sometimes require artificial

assistance to remove them. (See Retention of the Afterbirth.) Destroy

the foetal membranes by burning or burying them deeply. Do not permit

the cow to eat them. Wash the calf's navel with Bichloride of Mercury,

one part to one thousand parts water, once or twice a day until the

navel is thoroughly dry, as an infection may follow, producing Joint Ill

or Scours, from which death may result.

ABNORMAL CALVING: This is a condition where the foetus is not normally

presented, as that just described. Their feet may be presented in a

normal manner, but the head and neck twisted back or to one side, or the

head and one fore foot may be presented normally, while the other fore

foot is doubled back, or there may be a breech presentation as the rump

of a foetus with both hind feet thrown close to its body. This is a very

difficult presentation, especially if in a young animal. A foetus

abnormally presented requires good judgment and cleanliness, also

lubrication of the walls of the womb with unsalted Lard, Cotton or Sweet

Oil. Endeavor to place the foetus in as near a normal position as

possible before any force is used in its delivery, although where both

hind feet are presented, it is advisable to remove it in this position.

The hands and ropes should be clean and washed with a five per cent

solution of Carbolic Acid. It is not only dangerous to the animal, but

to the operator as well, if proper antiseptic precautions are not

practiced.

Space does not permit me going into details on various foetal

presentations nor does it permit me to explain the exact methods or

operations I would use in each particular case. Nevertheless, good

judgment and cleanliness are important. Do not hurry. Take your time,

and you will be successful in most cases.

When the foetus is removed, and the afterbirth does not come away within

twelve or eighteen hours, remove it. (See Retention of Afterbirth, which

will describe its means of attachment and its removal.)

CASTING THE WITHERS

(Eversion of the Womb)

CAUSE: Failure of the womb to contract after Calving. If the womb

contracts naturally and the afterbirth expelled, the cavity of the womb

is nearly closed and the neck of the womb becomes so narrow that the

hand cannot be inserted.   When the womb fails to contract, one or both

horns of the womb become so relaxed that they fall into the cavity

causing straining and contraction of the abdominal muscles, forcing the

womb out gradually until the organ is turned inside out. The womb can be

easily distinguished from the other membranes on account of the presence

of sixty to eighty mushroom-like bodies (cotyledons) two to four inches

in diameter attached to the walls of the womb by a narrow neck. The womb

when hanging out becomes engorged with blood and inflamed until it is as

large as a grain sack, very dark in color, tears and bleeds with the

slightest touch. Later it becomes lacerated and gangrenous.

SYMPTOMS: At first, the general health is not very much interfered with,

but the inflammation which is marked by an elevation in temperature

becomes very noticeable, accompanied by severe straining and exhaustion.

The animal lies down, but continues to strain until death, unless relief

is afforded the animal at once.

TREATMENT: Great care must be exercised. The parts of the womb coming in

contact with the cow's hips, tail or floors must be thoroughly washed

with a five per cent solution of Carbolic Acid, using a soft cloth or

sponge to remove dirt, clots, etc. Place the cow in a position so as to

have her hind quarters much higher than the head, and then endeavor to

replace the womb. After washing as stated above, bandage the tail with a

clean cloth; have an assistant hold up the womb and the operator use

gentle manipulation and pressure with clean hands; this perhaps is the

best method of replacing the womb. Then follow by flushing out the womb

with a weak Carbolic Acid solution and luke warm water. This has a

tendency to straighten out the horns of the uterus and prevent

infection. If the cow continues to strain, give Potassium Bromide in

ounce doses every two or three hours in her drinking water, or place in

capsule and give with capsule gun.

Sometimes stimulants and tonics are necessary and the following will be

found very effective: Pulv. Nux Vomica, four ounces; Pulv. Gentian Root,

four ounces; Pulv. Ferri Sulphate, four ounces. Make into sixteen

capsules and give one capsule every six hours with capsule gun.

It is well to compel the animal to stand or lie with the hind parts

elevated, until the signs of straining have ceased.

CATARACT OF THE EYE

CAUSE: Is due to deep seated inflammation of the eye produced by an

injury or weakened condition of the optic nerve.

SYMPTOMS: If the pupil of one of the eyes appears larger than the other

it is well to make a careful examination, as this is the first sign of

Cataract. If such a condition is neglected, partial or complete

blindness will follow and a white, pearly deposit can be seen on the

lens of the eye.

TREATMENT: Very unsatisfactory unless treated carefully when the first

signs are noticed. Place the animal in a darkened stable. Feed clean,

sloppy food and it may be necessary to give a physic consisting of two

drams of Aloin, two drams of Pulv. Ginger, placed in a capsule and given

with capsule gun. The following ointment, Yellow Oxide of Mercury, four

grains; Lanolin, one ounce, should be mixed well and applied to the eye

two or three times a day.

CATARRH

CAUSE: Ill ventilated stables, inhalations of irritating gases or sudden

exposure to cold, wet weather, after being accustomed to warm stables.

Most commonly seen in the Spring or Fall.

SYMPTOMS: Chilling and temperature elevated one or two degrees, pulse

not much affected, breathing hurried to some extent, sneezing, coughing,

dullness and the appetite is slightly impaired. In the first stages the

nostrils are very dry and considerably inflamed, but in the course of a

few days the fever subsides and a profuse discharge from the nose is

observed.

TREATMENT: Place the animal in dry, well ventilated stall, blanket well

and supply a good quality and quantity of bedding. Give inhalations from

steam and hot water and Pine Tar. If the animal is constipated, give

rectal injections of Soap and Warm Water two or three times a day. Also

administer Potassium Nitrate, Pulv. Nux Vomica, each four ounces;

Capsicum, two ounces, and Pulv. Ginger two ounces. Make into twenty-four

capsules and give one capsule three or four times a day. This should not

be neglected, as neglected Catarrh is liable to be followed by

Laryngitis, Bronchitis, Pneumonia, Pleurisy or other diseases of the

organs of breathing, which are very serious and sometimes cause the

death of the animal.

CHAPPED TEATS

CAUSE: Anything that tends to irritate them. A sudden chilling of the

teat in cold weather after the calf has just let it go, or after the

operation of milking with wet hands or from an animal wading through

deep water or tall wet grass. Also filth or irritants coming in contact

with teats when lying down.

TREATMENT: Remove the cause if possible and dry the teats well after

each milking and apply Zinc Oxide ointment. Feed laxative food that is

easily digested, as it has a very good effect on the blood, consequently

it promotes the healing of wounds.

CHOKING

(Obstruction of the Esophagus)

CAUSE: An obstruction of the Esophagus (gullet) produced by an animal

attempting to swallow apples, potatoes, roots, dry grain, etc.

SYMPTOMS: A stringy discharge of saliva from the mouth, violent

coughing, wrenching of the head and neck. The animal will bloat very

quickly if the Esophagus or gullet is completely obstructed.

TREATMENT: The obstruction as a rule is easily located, and as quickly

as possible withdraw the obstruction by inserting the hand and

extracting the object. Do not attempt to push the object down into the

stomach, except as a last resort, as there is a great deal of danger of

rupturing the Esophagus or gullet. Push the object upward by gentle

manipulation from the outside. If this fails, a smooth piece of hose

about eight or nine feet long, well greased with Lard, Butter or Oil,

should be passed down the Esophagus or gullet. A block of wood about two

inches in diameter with a hole bored through the center just a little

larger than the hose, placed in the mouth, will prevent the animal from

biting the hose, and make the operation easier.

When the animal is bloated severely, puncture with a knife about four or

five inches from the point of the hip downward and forward.

CHRONIC DYSENTERY

(Bacterial Dysentery--Jones Disease)

CAUSE: Acid-fast Bacillus resembling the Tubercular Bacillus that invade

the intestines by the way of the animal drinking water or eating food

containing the Acid-fast Bacteria.

SYMPTOMS: Diarrhoea, loss of flesh, although the appetite is good, hair

becomes dry and harsh, temperature remains about normal. The Diarrhoea

becomes persistent and tinged with blood. The animal becomes emaciated

and anemic, exhausted, and death follows. This disease may continue for

a month or even a year before death takes place. However this is very

uncommon. They generally die very shortly.

TREATMENT: Separate the affected cattle from the healthy ones. All fecal

matter should be deeply buried or burned, the stalls, barnyards, also

thoroughly disinfected. Administration of medicine thus far has been

unsatisfactory, although a treatment should be directed toward the

intestines with internal antiseptics such as Zinc Sulphocarbolates, one

and one-half grains; Protan, three drams; Pulv. Nux Vomica, one dram;

Bismuth Subnitrate, one dram. Place in gelatin capsule and give with

capsule gun. This dose should be repeated three or four times a day.

Feed a good quality of food, such as wheat bran mashes or steamed rolled

oats and see that the water supply is fresh and non-contaminated.

COLIC

CAUSE: Drinking large quantities of cold water when overheated. However,

this disorder is very uncommon in cattle owing to the fact that they are

not worked, seldom overheated and drink water very slowly.

SYMPTOMS: Kicking or raising of the feet to the belly. Lying down and

getting up alternately. Distention of the stomach or paunch with gas.

The animal chills or shivers, etc.

TREATMENT: Strong stimulants or tonics as the following will give

immediate results if administered in its first stages: Pulv. Nux Vomica,

two ounces; Pulv. Ginger, two ounces; Pulv. Capsicum, two ounces. Make

into eight capsules and give one capsule every two hours until relieved.

Give the capsules with capsule gun. If severe bloating accompanies a

case of Colic in cattle place one ounce dose of Oil of Turpentine in

ounce capsules and give with capsule gun.

CHAMPION GALLOWAY BULL, STANDARD FAVORITE,

INTERNATIONAL 1913.

Owned by C. S. Hetehncr, Chariton, Iowa.

CONGESTION OF THE LUNGS

CAUSE: Cattle permitted to stand in drafts when warm after being driven,

etc., irritating drugs escaping into the lungs when drenching, as it is

very difficult for cattle to swallow when their heads are elevated.

SYMPTOMS: Dullness. The animal loses its spirits, so to speak, usually

shivers or trembles. When this ceases, the temperature rises to perhaps

105 or 106 degrees F. The ears and legs grow cold, the nose hot and dry,

pulse rapid but firm, breathing short and labored, a short hacking cough

will be present. Such animals generally remain standing.

Other symptoms are constipation, the feces covered with mucus or a

slime, great thirst. The eyes are inflamed and look glassy. The

secretions of milk are suppressed, if these symptoms develop in milking

cows.

TREATMENT: Place the animal in clean, warm, comfortable quarters

permitting light and as much pure air as possible, but avoid drafts and

blanket the animal if chilly. Hand rub the legs and bandage with woolen

cloths. Administer Pulv. Carbonate of Ammonia, four ounces; Pulv. Nux

Vomica, three ounces; Quinine, two ounces; Nitrate of Potash, two

ounces; Potassium Iodide, one ounce. Make into twenty-four capsules and

give one capsule every four hours with capsule gun. Also apply a paste

made from Mustard and cold water over the lung cavities just back of the

fore legs. Apply once a day and perhaps one or two applications will be

sufficient.

If this disease is treated when the first symptoms develop, a good

recovery will follow. Feed easily digested food as hot wheat bran mashes

or steamed rolled oats, vegetables and green grass if possible.

CONTAGIOUS ABORTION

(Infectious Abortion)

CAUSE: Due to a germ (Bacillus Abortus) coming in direct contact with

the genital organs of a bull or cow and can be indefinitely transmitted

from one herd to another by infected bulls serving healthy cows, or

infected cows when served transmit the infection to healthy bulls.

Healthy cows become infected by their genital organs coming in contact

with litter on floors when lying down or rubbing against fences, walls

or posts previously soiled by aborting cows. Cattle licking one another

is also a prolific cause.

SYMPTOMS: The signs of calving are not so well marked as in normal

calving, especially where the aborting animal is a heifer and the

gestation period has not exceeded three or four weeks. In cows,

especially where the gestation period has advanced to five or seven

months, the symptoms are easily detected as a rule by a swelling of the

udder, or what is commonly termed "making bag," the outer portions of

the womb swollen and inflamed as in normal calving. As the period of

abortion approaches, there will be a discharge of mucus and blood from

the womb. Labor pains are not as severe as in normal calving, owing to

the absence of hair on the foetus and being smaller; although the

afterbirth (foetal membranes), may be retained the same as in normal

calving.

PREVENTIVE TREATMENT: This perhaps is the cheapest and best method of

treating Contagious Abortion. When purchasing bulls or cows, ascertain

whether the farm you purchased from has Contagious Abortion. An

investigation of this kind often saves labor, time and money.

MEDICAL TREATMENT: When once Contagious Abortion makes its appearance,

separate infected from non-infected animals, remove all litter, manure,

etc., from barns, corrals, and burn or bury deeply. The conveyances used

should be tight so as to prevent scattering. Scrub and disinfect floors,

fences, walls of barns and rubbing posts with a solution made from three

pounds of Copper Sulphate to ten gallons of water, permitting it to

thoroughly dissolve before using. Use an ordinary barrel and cover so as

to prevent any cattle drinking same, as it is very poisonous.   When a

cow aborts, remove the calf and afterbirth in a tight receptacle that

will prevent any portion from being scattered, and burn or bury deeply;

disinfect the floor and walls of stall where the abortion took place as

long as the cow is discharging any fluids from the womb. A gallon of

distilled or boiled water containing about one per cent Carbolic Acid

should be injected into the womb with an ordinary hose and funnel. This

should be repeated once a day for a week. Use a solution of the same

strength for washing the tail and parts around the outer part of the

womb, or in fact any part that the discharge of an aborting cow may come

in contact with.

Internally, give Methylen Blue in thirty grain doses, every other day

for two weeks. This is an exceptionally disagreeable drug to administer

as it stains everything it comes in contact with. Place it in a gelatin

capsule or have your druggist prepare six or seven capsules containing

thirty grains each. Then administer with capsule gun. Insist on pure

Methylen Blue, accept no substitute. This treatment has proven very

effective in many localities where strict aseptic precautions were

carried out, as washing out the womb or any parts that the discharge of

an aborting cow may come in contact with and proper cleanliness and

disinfection of stables, etc. Cows should not be bred for several weeks

following abortion or as long as there is a discharge present. Bulls

should be treated in much the same way, as administering Methylen Blue

in same size doses for the same length of time as that of the cow. But

in addition to this, use a one per cent solution of Carbolic Acid for

injecting into the bull's sheath, holding the end of the sheath while

the solution is being injected, until it is well distended; holding the

opening of the sheath allowing the solution to remain as long as

convenient. Also, wash belly, muzzle, etc., with a solution of the same

strength.

COUGH

(Acute and Chronic)

As a cough is a symptom of various diseases, these in addition to the

cough should be treated.

KINDS OF COUGH: Many writers give several different varieties, but for

the sake of convenience I will divide them into two forms, namely: Acute

and Chronic.

CAUSE: Acute coughs are generally due to sudden exposure to cold, drafts

and are the forerunning symptom of a disease of the organs of breathing.

Chronic Coughs are associated with, and are a result of sore throat,

lung fever, pleurisy, bronchitis, catarrh and tuberculosis.

TREATMENT: Under each disease, of which a cough is a symptom, I have

also prescribed to include its suppression. The following prescription

is reasonable in price, yet very effective in all forms of cough: Tannic

Acid, one ounce; Potassi Chlorate, four ounces; Potassi Nitrate, four

ounces. Powder well and mix with Black Strap Molasses, one pint, placing

container retaining the above in hot water, which assists in dissolving.

When this is thoroughly mixed, add Pine Tar, one pint, and place one

tablespoonful well back on the tongue with a wooden paddle every three

or four hours, according to the severity of the cough.

Sometimes a liniment applied to the throat and windpipe has a good

effect, and I would recommend the following on account of its

penetrating qualities: Aqua Ammonia Fort., two ounces; Turpentine, two

ounces; Raw Linseed Oil, four ounces. Mix and apply twice daily, shaking

the contents of the bottle well before using.

COWPOX

(Variola)

CAUSE: Investigations lead us to believe that it is due to a protozoa.

So far, the true micro-organism has not been discovered. This disease is

very contagious and is transmitted by direct communication but not

through the air. Perhaps the most common way of transmitting the disease

is by the hands of the milker.

SYMPTOMS: A slight raise in the temperature, especially that of the

udder and teats. They are red, swollen and tender and after three or

four days small pimples or pustules will appear on the teats about the

size of a pea. The pimples or pustules become larger and within a few

days may attain the size of one-half inch in diameter. At the end of the

second week the pimples or pustules burst and discharge an amber colored

fluid leaving raw sores, which cause the animal to suffer intensely when

being milked. The supply of milk is also markedly decreased in this

condition.

PREVENTION: A person should not milk both healthy and diseased cows

unless the hands are thoroughly washed in a Carbolated Solution; the

clothes that are likely to come in contact with the udder, coat sleeves,

etc., changed.

TREATMENT: It is advisable to give a physic as it has a very good effect

on the blood, such as Aloin, two drams, and Ginger, two drams, which is

easily prepared and administered by placing in capsule and giving with

capsule gun.

Also, the application of Zinc Ointment two or three times a day affords

immediate relief and causes the sores to heal rapidly. Good results are

also obtained by feeding food that is easily digested, as bran mashes,

steamed rolled oats and vegetables.

CUD CHEWING

(Physiology of Rumination)

The cow when eating grass or hay merely moistens it with saliva and

swallows, then it passes into the rumen or paunch which acts as a

storehouse or reservoir for food. After the paunch or rumen is filled,

the cow finds a comfortable place to stand or lie down and she

regurgitates it into the mouth by a contraction of the muscles of the

walls of the esophagus in small quantities or pellets from the rumen or

paunch back into the mouth and is there masticated. When it is chewed

finely she swallows and it passes into the second stomach and is there

digested for assimilation.

DIARRHOEA

CAUSE: Giving rich succulent foods after being fed on stimulating diets

for some time, and such a case may be a benefit to the animal instead of

an injury. Turnips, carrots, etc., especially if frozen slightly, are

apt to produce it. Also impure and stagnant water which acts as a poison

or some irritant in the food, as sand, clay, etc., or it may result from

excitement, as driving cattle or shipping cattle in cars when not

accustomed to it. Or, it may be the result of an overdose of irritating

medicines. Diarrhoea as a rule is not fatal. It is often an effort of

nature to relieve some disease, as poison in the blood. The easiest way

to get rid of it is by way of the bowels.

SYMPTOMS: It is easily detected. An animal passes large amounts of feces

which are of a liquid nature. At first the pulse is but little affected,

but after a day or two it becomes weak and slightly increased. If it

continues for a few days the pulse increases, the ears and legs get

colder than normal, there are slight gripping pains in some cases due to

slight irritation or perhaps to slight spasm of the intestines. These

pains may increase and result in inflammation of the bowels, especially

if the cause is due to stagnant water or irritating drugs.

TREATMENT: In many cases all you have to do is to change the food and

clothe the body according to the temperature. Do not let the animal

drink large quantities of water at one time. Give pure water in small

quantities, but often, and it may be necessary to give medicines.

Endeavor to find out the cause and if due to some irritant in the

intestines, prepare Flaxseed tea by pouring a quart of boiling water on

a half pint of pure Flaxseed, allowing it to cool. Compel the animal to

drink it. This is very soothing to the bowels when irritated and also

beneficial in removing the irritant; in cases where the Diarrhoea

continues for some time, it is necessary to stop it by administering Gum

Catechu, two ounces; Protan, two ounces; Zinc Sulphocarbolates, eight

grains. Mix and make into eight capsules and give one capsule every four

hours with capsule gun. Keep the animal as quiet as possible and feed

non-irritating food that is easily digested, as steamed barley or oats.

DEHORNING

Dehorning is not considered a cruelty as some people hold it, as horns

on cattle do not only add discomfort to themselves but add to the

owner's risk. It is much better, safer and I think more humane to

prevent the growth of horns on calves after they are three or four days

old by rubbing the elevations where the horns make their appearance with

a pencil of Caustic Potash after being moistened with cold water. Repeat

this application two or three times, which is generally sufficient.

When dehorning cattle with clippers or saw, it is well to remove about

one-half inch of the flesh of the horn. This gives their head a much

better appearance after the horns are removed and healed. When a horn is

freshly amputated, apply Oil of Tar occasionally, as it is an antiseptic

and prevents infection and the annoyance of flies. However, this should

be performed during the season when the flies are less numerous.

CHAMPION JERSEY COW GREY PORTIA.

Owned by Mrs. Nelle Fabyan, Geneva, Ill.

DROPSY

(Ascities)

CAUSE: Usually seen in old animals or cattle fed on poor food where the

blood becomes so poor, so to speak, that Dropsy follows, The presence of

worms frequently stimulates excessive secretions of fluid, producing

Dropsy.

SYMPTOMS: The abdomen is abnormally increased in size, flanks are gaunt,

paleness of the membranes of the mouth and eyes and a general weakness.

Pressure with the hand on the abdominal walls will produce a splashing,

watery sound.

TREATMENT: The cause at first should be determined and the disease

treated accordingly. If due to worms, withhold all food for twenty-four

hours. Place two ounces of Oil of Turpentine in gelatin capsules and

give with capsule gun. Follow this in six hours with two drams of Aloin,

three drams of Ginger in gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun. Feed

nourishing food as wheat bran mashes and one cup of Flaxseed meal once a

day. In their drinking water place one dram of Potassium Iodide two or

three times a day. See that this water is drunk and give no other until

this is consumed by the animal.

ECZEMA

CAUSE: Insanitary surroundings, as warm, damp stables. Overfeeding,

swills, decomposed vegetables. Applying irritating drugs to the skin.

SYMPTOMS: Redness of the skin and the animal rubs itself; is usually

confined to a small area at first, but eventually spreads. Considerable

inflammation is present, also eruptions of the skin which discharge

white, serous, sticky fluid, terminating in scabs and thickness of the

skin. Sometimes suppuration or formation of pustules containing pus is

present. These symptoms do not always occur in regular succession; in

some cases the serums oozing from the skin will be more prominent than

in others.

TREATMENT: Determine the cause and remove it. If due to poor food,

improve the quality. Also feed laxative food, as hot bran mashes,

steamed rolled oats. If the bowels do not act freely, administer Aloin,

two drams, and Ginger, three drams. Place in gelatin capsule and give

with capsule gun, An ointment made from the following is very effective

as an application in this condition: Blue Ointment, one ounce; Zinc

Oxide, three ounces. Mix well and apply two or three times a day. A

tonic usually has a very good effect in the treatment of this disease,

and I would recommend the use of the following: Pulv. Gentian Root, four

ounces; Potassium Nitrate, four ounces; Ferri Sulphate, four ounces. Mix

and make into twelve capsules and give one capsule two or three times a

day with capsule gun.

ERGOT POISON

(Ergotism)

CAUSE: Ergotism is produced by cattle eating fungoid growths which

attack kernels and seeds of rye and blue grass, etc. These kernels or

seeds grow dark in color and become abnormally large and curved in

shape. The infected grass or hay when eaten by cattle contract the

arteries, especially those of the legs, just above the feet, although

all the arteries in the body are contracted to a certain extent. This

disease is frequently seen in Spring and Summer.

SYMPTOMS: Ergot is prescribed in cases of bleeding, because of its

contracting effect upon the arteries (closing or stopping the flow of

blood) where the blood supply is the weakest, as in the extremities. It

is cut off and this, of course, causes the skin just above the hoofs to

break or crack as though it were cut with a knife. This shuts off the

entire supply of blood to the foot, which mummifies, and the lower

portion becomes gangrenous and eventually sloughs off. One of the first

effects of Ergot Poison in pregnant cattle is abortion, due to the blood

supply to the womb being shut off by its contracting effect on the

arteries. Cattle are particularly susceptible to Ergotism.

TREATMENT: When Ergotism is so advanced as to produce sloughing of the

feet it is best to destroy the animal. If other animals are affected

slightly, find out the cause and remove it. Look to the hay or pasture

as the producer. Administer one-half ounce of Chloral Hydrate, two or

three times a day in their drinking water or mix it with sufficient

quantity of Flaxseed meal to fill an ounce gelatin capsule and give with

capsule gun. If the skin is slightly broken above the foot, wash with

five per cent solution of Carbolic Acid. Where the feet have become

gangrenous amputation of the foot or feet is necessary, which is not

advisable unless the animal is very valuable.

FLUKE

(Liver and Lungs)

CAUSE: This disease is contracted by cattle grazing on marshy lands.

There are two different species of Fluke that affect the liver and lungs

of cattle. They are both flat, leaf-like worms. The Common Liver Fluke

is about one-half inch long, while the so-called American Fluke is

somewhat larger. In their life history these Flukes depend on snails as

intermediate hosts. At a certain stage of development the young Flukes

live on snails. They become encysted on stalks and blades of grass which

are finally swallowed by grazing cattle. This disease is most frequently

seen in young cattle.

SYMPTOMS: The animal shows no marked signs at first, but eventually the

appetite diminishes, rumination or chewing of the cud becomes irregular,

the animal becomes dull, hide-bound, hair standing, the visible mucous

membranes of the mouth and eyes become pale and bloodless, the eyes

discharge watery fluids oozing down the face, temperature varying from

two to three degrees above normal and milk supply, if in aged cattle,

remarkably reduced. In all cases there is great thirst and the animal

becomes very much emaciated and refuses to eat. Swellings about the

belly and breast, etc. Diarrhoea at first, alternating with

constipation, but finally becomes continuous. The diseased animal

succumbs to the malady in from two to six months.

TREATMENT: Medical treatment is unsatisfactory. The disease will be

prevented to a considerable extent by giving animals plenty of salt and

in the marshes containing pools of water introduce or plant carp, frogs

and toads into the infected tracts. These will destroy the young

parasites and feed upon the snails which serve as their intermediate

hosts. Or, prevent the cattle from grazing upon swampy marshes by

fencing them out.

FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE

(Infectious Aphtha--Epizootica Eczema)

CAUSE: This disease is produced by a specific agent or germ, the exact

nature of which is not known. It will pass through the Berkfelt filter,

which is the most minute filter known to science, and is therefore known

as a filterable virus. This is an eruptive fever and belongs to the

class of Exanthematous diseases such as smallpox, measles, scarlet

fever, etc. Every outbreak starts from some pre-existing infection. The

infection is distributed by manure, pastures, barnyards, hay, drinking

troughs, box-cars, ships, boats which have been previously occupied by

animals affected with this disease, travel over public highways or man

may carry the infection of this disease on his clothing and transmit it

to healthy cattle, etc. Foot and Mouth Disease not only affects cattle

but attacks a variety of animals, as the horse, sheep, goat, hog, dog,

cat, also wild animals as buffalo, deer, antelope, and man himself is

not immune from this disease. Children also suffer from Foot and Mouth

Disease, resulting from drinking unboiled milk from infected cattle.

Therefore, when purchasing cattle be very careful, as you may be buying

an infections disease. Keep the newly purchased animals to themselves

for two or three weeks, if possible. This will give ample time for the

majority of infectious diseases to develop.

SYMPTOMS: The disease usually makes its first appearance in three to six

days after being exposed, by chilling, rise of temperature, and in a day

or so pustules varying in size from that of a pin head to that of a pea

appear. They appear upon the inner surface of the lips, gums and upper

surface of the tongue. The feet also become affected between the digits.

The udder usually becomes affected, especially in milking cows. As soon

as this disease becomes well established the affected animal evinces

great pain when attempting to eat. The animal generally refuses food. In

many instances they shut and open the mouth with a smacking sound owing

to the stringy saliva flowing from the mouth. The ulcers in the mouth

continue to enlarge until they attain the size of one-half to two inches

in diameter. The mucous membrane covering these ulcers breaks and a

watery discharge escapes. In a few days the surface of the ulcers takes

on a whitish appearance. The same changes take place in the feet and the

animal becomes very lame and the udder very much swollen, the ulcers

discharge, etc.

PREVENTION: When any of the above mentioned symptoms are noticed,

non-affected animals should immediately be removed to non-affected

quarters. This disease is not communicated through the atmosphere but by

the animal coming into direct contact with the infection or virus; hence

it is not necessary to move unaffected animals any great distance but

merely to clean, sanitary quarters which have not been subjected to any

possible infection from the diseased animals. It must be borne in mind

that the attendant or helper cannot be too careful in the matter of his

own actions and dress as the infection is easily carried through

clothes, fecal matter, etc., adhering to shoes or any matter or

articles, such as buckets, brushes, rubrags, blankets, etc.

The existence of this disease should at once be reported to your nearest

Veterinarian. He will report to the State Veterinarian of your State or

to the United States Bureau of Animal Industry at Washington, D. C.

TREATMENT: I cannot recommend any treatment as being satisfactory or a

cure, for although under some treatments the animal appears to make a

good recovery, in the majority of cases the feet are disfigured and

crippled, the udder permanently injured with growths, animal unfit for

milking purposes, and the mouth, tongue and teeth left impaired; the

mouth and tongue strictured from wounds and the teeth loosened from the

gums. Furthermore, should an animal make apparent recovery, it is not

immune from a recurrence of the disease. In treating the disease, there

is not only danger of spreading the disease to other animals, but to

man. The flesh or milk from animals apparently cured should never be

used unless first examined by a qualified Veterinarian.

Without question, all animals showing severe symptoms as above described

should be at once slaughtered and buried six feet or deeper, covering

carcass with Quicklime and then promptly filling grave, according to the

Government regulations, which should be followed explicitly. Be careful

to disinfect scene of slaughter, as bloodstains, etc. The United States

Bureau of Animal Industry regulates the disinfectants to be used and the

strength thereof, and as these are subject to change from time to time,

I must refer you in this matter to the proper Government authorities.

MEDICAL TREATMENT: If permitted by Government authorities, I would

suggest the following treatment as being beneficial: In mild attacks of

Foot and Mouth Disease benefits may be derived by cleanliness and the

applications of antiseptics as placing Boracic Acid, one dram; Potassium

Chlorate, two drams, in a bucket of water, compelling the animal to

drink it. Repeat this dose two or three times a day. Also compel the

animals to stand in tubs or troughs containing a one in one thousandth

solution of Bichloride of Mercury for at least five minutes, twice

daily. When other parts of the body become affected, as the cow's udder,

apply Carbolated Vaseline twice daily. This treatment should be

continued until all ulcers have ceased to discharge. Always keep in mind

that this disease is contagious and is transmitted to other animals, as

well as to man. For disinfecting corrals, barns, clothing, hands and

anything which the diseased animal might come in contact with, I would

recommend Coal Tar products, diluted one part to fifty parts warm water.

Spray, sprinkle or scrub.

HEREFORD BULL.

Owned by C. A. Tow, Norway, Iowa.

FOOT ROT

(Foul in Foot)

CAUSE: Due to filth or from hard substances accumulating between the two

digits, producing irritation and inflammation and suppuration.

SYMPTOMS: Lameness. On examination the foot is swollen, hot and painful

to the touch. When the case is of long standing, suppuration occurs and

pus will ooze from between the digits, and is very offensive in smell.

This condition causes the digits to slough off, if no attempt is made to

relieve it.

TREATMENT: Cleanliness. Where there is considerable inflammation

present, apply Hot Bran or Flaxseed poultices. Keep clean and treat as

an ordinary wound. The following prescription will be found very

effective in Foot Rot: Oil of Origanum, four ounces; Oil of Pisis, four

ounces; Oil of Turpentine, four ounces. Saturate oakum or cotton with

the above liniment placing between the digits and bandage. Feed laxative

food, as hot wheat bran mashes and vegetables.

FOUNDER

(Laminitis)

Inflammation of the internal, sensitive structure of the foot.

CAUSE: Overfeeding, overheating, driving on rough, stony soil. Cattle

confined to stand on hard floors without exercise frequently suffer from

Founder.

SYMPTOMS: The animals lie down a great part of the time. Feet hot and

tender and if made to walk they do so with great difficulty. One or all

four feet may become affected, although it is more frequently found in

the front feet. The temperature is somewhat elevated, varying from 104

to 106 degrees F., breathing very rapid, appetite fairly good and there

will be great thirst. Founder in cows reduces the milk secretion, owing

to the great fever that is present.

TREATMENT: Apply cold packs to the feet, ice packs preferred. If the

animal can be made to stand in a stream of water having a soft bottom,

it, perhaps, is the best method of cooling out the feet. Give a physic

of Aloin, three drams; Pulv. Gentian Root, two drams. Place in a gelatin

capsule and give with capsule gun. To their drinking water add two or

three drams of Potassi Nitrate three or four times daily. Animals

suffering with Founder should be provided with soft ground to stand on,

as their feet will be tender and subject to the chronic form of the

disease.

GARGET

(Congestion of the Udder)

CAUSE: Very common in heavy milkers before or just after calving when

the bag is very much enlarged and very sensitive; exposure to chilling

or standing in drafts or even neglected for too long a time in milking.

Injuries may also cause Garget.

SYMPTOMS: The bag is very much enlarged, showing signs of inflammation.

The swelling extends well forward following the milk veins. The cow has

great difficulty in walking due to sensitiveness of the bag. When milked

for two or three days the swelling disappears after the secretion is

fully established, but as a rule is tinged with blood. Sometimes small

clots of milk or cheese-like particles are ejected with the milk.

TREATMENT: Give a physic consisting of Aloin, two drams; Pulv. Ginger,

three drams. Place in gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun:

Hyposulphite of Soda, sixteen ounces; Nitrate of Potassi, four ounces.

Mix and make into sixteen powders. Give one powder three times a day in

drinking water or place in gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun.

Also dissolve Bichloride of Mercury, two grains; Boracic Acid, two

drams, in one quart of boiling hot water. When this solution cools to

about blood temperature, after stripping all milk fluid or pus from the

affected teat or teats, inject with an ordinary bulb injection syringe

after placing a teat tube into the end from which the air escapes when

the bulb is pressed. Now, place the end of the syringe retaining the

teat tube in the affected teat, the other end place in a bottle or

vessel containing the solution and gently press the bulb and inject

about a pint of the solution in each affected quarter. Leave the

solution in the teat for only fifteen to twenty minutes and milk out

thoroughly. Repeat this treatment two or three times a day.

For an external application the following ointment has given remarkably

good results: Blue Ointment and Zinc Ointment, equal parts. Mix well and

apply two or three times daily.

HARD MILKERS

CAUSE: A thickness or contraction of the mucous membranes lining the

teat or growths inside the teat.

TREATMENT: All antiseptic precautions should be carried out in this

operation, as boiling the instruments and then covering them with

Carbolated Vaseline. Then with a hidden bistoury or a knife concealed in

a tube, force upward into the teat, then press out the little blade and

draw the instrument down the teat, making about four incisions equal

distance apart around the inner surface of the teat. The use of

self-retaining teat dilators prevents the contraction of the cut

surface, permitting them to remain in the teat for two weeks, removing

them only when the milk is being stripped from the teat. Always place

them in boiling water and cover with Carbolated Vaseline before

inserting.

HOLLOW HORN

Horns of the cattle tribe are normally hollow, although a core extends

well into the horn. This, however, is merely a prolongation of a porous

bone of the head which affords a point for the horns' attachment,

consequently when a cow is sick and the temperature is elevated, the

horns are naturally hot, it being the symptom of a disease and not a

disease of itself, and which should be treated under its special

heading.

The supposed disease "Hollow Horn" once upon a time was treated by

boring a hole into the horn with a small gimlet and pouring Turpentine

into the opening. This treatment is useless and harmful. It produces

inflammation of the frontal sinuses of the head and chances are death of

the animal will follow as a result of the treatment and not of the

disease.

INDIGESTION

CAUSE: Animals with a voracious appetite will overload their stomachs

with food that is hard to digest or is decomposed, causing the organs of

assimilation to become weakened, sluggish and incapable of doing their

proper work.

SYMPTOMS: The animal ceases to ruminate (chew its cud); stands quietly,

hair rough, nose dry, temperature elevated one to two degrees, breathing

usually faster than normal with slight grunts at each expiration of air

from the lungs. The secretions of milk are suddenly diminished. If the

hand is placed against the left side and quickly removed, a marked

depression or pit will remain, which shows that the paunch is full of

undigested food. Bloating is also frequently accompanied by indigestion.

TREATMENT: Administer Aloin, three drams; Ginger, three drams. Place in

capsule and give with capsule gun. Permit the animal to drink all the

water possible. If bloating is present give two-ounce capsules filled

with Turpentine with capsule gun. A tonic is quite necessary in this

condition, and the following I am sure will be followed by good results

if the case is not of too long a standing: Sodium Bicarbonate, eight

ounces; Pulv. Nux Vomica, four ounces; Pulv. Gentian Root, four ounces;

Pulv. Ginger, four ounces. Place two tablespoonfuls in gelatin capsule

and give with capsule gun every six hours. Very good results are also

obtained from rectal injections of soap and warm water. Feed good

nourishing food sparingly, compelling the animal to exercise, etc.

GUERNSEY COW MURNE COWAN 19597 A. R. 1906.

SIRE FANTASIA'S JEWELLER 7259; DAM: JANET BROWN 12403.

(Years record 24008.0 lbs. Milk; 1098.18 lbs. Butter Fat.)

Owned by O. C. Barber, Akron, Ohio.

INFLAMMATION OF THE BAG

(Simple Mammitis)

CAUSE: Injuries, as blows, kicks, etc.; lying on cold, rough ground or

floor, standing in drafts, sudden change of weather. Derangement of the

system is likely to affect the udder; poorly milked or stripped cows are

often victims of Mammitis. Infections in the teat from inserting dirty

instruments, as using a bicycle pump for the treatment of Milk Fever.

Cows with a retained afterbirth are likely to infect the udder by

switching their tail. This condition is very common in heavy milkers

following calving.

SYMPTOMS: The animal chills, hair stands, temperature elevated from one

to three degrees above normal; ears, horns and legs cold, which may

suddenly become very hot; pulse rapid, breathing hurried, bag hard and

swollen and very tender on pressure. When attempts are made to milk, a

watery substance comes away, almost colorless at first, but later

becomes tinged with blood and pus and has a fetid odor. The cow's muzzle

is dry, appetite poor, but great thirst exists. This condition may

affect one or more quarters of the udder. Abscesses may form and the

udder break and a thick yellowish pus oozes out or the milk glands may

solidify and cause hard, lumpy growths in the udder.

TREATMENT: Prevention. If an animal is once slightly affected with

inflammation of the bag, it is likely to develop a bad case of Mammitis

from the slightest injury or exposure as stated above, which depreciates

a cow considerably as a milk producer, especially on the market. Great

care should be exercised when purchasing a cow for milking purposes. See

that the teats and udder are sound, free from lumps, etc.

MEDICAL TREATMENT: Hyposulphite of Soda, sixteen ounces; Nitrate of

Potassi, four ounces. Mix and make into sixteen powders. Give one powder

three times a day in drinking water or place in a gelatin capsule and

give with a capsule gun. Also, dissolve Bichloride of Mercury, two

grains; Boracic Acid, two drams, in one quart of boiling hot water. When

this solution cools to about blood temperature, after stripping all milk

fluid or pus from the affected teat or teats, inject with an ordinary

bulb injection syringe after placing a teat tube into the end from which

the air escapes when the bulb is pressed. Now, place this end of the

syringe retaining the teat tube in the affected teat; the other end

place in a bottle or vessel containing the solution and gently press the

bulb and inject about a pint of the solution into each affected quarter.

Leave the solution in the teat for only fifteen to twenty minutes and

milk out thoroughly. Repeat this treatment two or three times a day.

For an external application, the following ointment has given remarkably

good results: Blue Ointment, two ounces; Lard, two ounces. Mix well and

apply twice daily.

INFLAMMATION OF THE EYE

(Conjunctivitis)

CAUSE: Injuries; irritating gases, from an animal standing in dark and

poorly ventilated stables or foreign bodies in the eye, as chaff, etc.

SYMPTOMS: A constant flow of tears from the eye running down the

animal's face, which are due to the inflammation of the lining membranes

of the eye. The eye is partially or completely closed.

TREATMENT: If due to a foreign body, remove it. In order to accomplish

this, the animal must be placed in a stanchion, the head twisted and the

eyelid turned back. Do not use burned alum as this will only make the

condition worse. Use Boracic Acid, thirty grains; distilled water, one

ounce. Apply to the eye three or four times daily, using an ordinary

eye-dropper.

INFLAMMATION OF THE HEART SACK

(Pericarditis)

CAUSE: Cattle being ruminants, therefore, not masticating their food

finely before swallowing, consequently foreign bodies, such as nails,

wire, etc., are picked up with the food and taken into the rumen or

paunch. These sharp objects penetrate the walls of the paunch, rumen or

first stomach and pierce the membrane or sack surrounding the heart,

which produces an inflammation of the heart sack, or Pericarditis.

SYMPTOMS: Symptoms develop very slowly or indications of indigestion

will be present as the appetite is variable, temperature elevated,

breathing labored, the animal avoids walking down hill as it causes pain

from the stomach and intestines pressing the lungs against the heart.

The symptoms, however, are so slight that they may easily escape the

notice of a casual observer. The animal eventually becomes poor,

emaciated and dies. If you open the heart sack, it will be found full of

watery pus.

TREATMENT: Unsuccessful, as this disease is seldom diagnosed correctly,

and if it is an operation is necessary and this does not prove

successful in the majority of cases.

INFLAMMATION OF THE KIDNEYS

CAUSE: Injuries in the region of the kidneys, exposure to cold weather,

especially in cows soon after calving. Eating poisonous plants,

decomposed food or drinking stagnant water, irritating medicines given

ignorantly of their bad effects are frequently followed by inflammation

of the kidneys.

SYMPTOMS: The attack will first be noticed by slight shivering or

chilling followed by an increased temperature, breathing increased. The

animal attempts to urinate frequently and the amount passed is small and

of a dark amber color and may be flaked with blood. There will be

stiffness and straddling of the hind legs which is always present during

urinary disorders. There may be slight swelling and tenderness over the

kidneys. As the disease progresses the animal grows weak and finally

dies if prompt relief is not afforded. Fortunately this disease is not

common among cattle.

TREATMENT: Clothe the animal if the weather is cold. Mild physics are

beneficial, as Aloin, one and one-half drams; Ginger, two drams; Nux

Vomica, two drams, placed in a gelatin capsule and given with capsule

gun. Also, the following, which is very soothing to the urinary tract:

Potassium Acetate, Potassium Bromide, each four ounces, made into

sixteen powders. Give one powder every four hours in their drinking

water. Feed nitrogenous food as hot wheat bran mashes, steamed rolled

oats, and see that the animal has pure water to drink.

INFLAMMATION OF THE PENIS

CAUSE: Injuries received from snags, walking through the underbrush,

jumping fences, etc.

SYMPTOMS: Arched back, swelling of the sheath and in some cases a

discharge. It may be serious enough to affect the appetite and cause

fever.

TREATMENT: Wash out the sheath two or three times daily with a three per

cent solution of Boracic Acid. If the inflammation extends pretty well

back in the sheath, it is advisable to inject this solution with a

syringe, carefully, as far back as possible. Withdraw the syringe,

holding the opening of the sheath so as to retain the solution for a few

minutes before allowing it to escape.

Feed laxative food and supply the animal with fresh water to drink. If

there is considerable fever, administer Potassium Nitrate, Pulv. Nux

Vomica, each two ounces. Make into eight capsules and give one capsule

two or three times a day.

INFLAMMATION OF THE WOMB

CAUSE: Injuries, as bruises, laceration, sustained during calving,

especially where the cow is assisted with instruments or hands that are

not thoroughly aseptic, an animal retaining the afterbirth which

undergoes putrefaction, and consequently sets up an inflammation of the

womb, or perhaps the animal may become infected during the act of

removing the afterbirth if the operator is neglectful about washing his

hands or washing the womb out thoroughly.

SYMPTOMS: The animal will chill, the temperature elevated two or three

degrees, the back will be arched, stiffness of the hind parts, legs,

ears and horns cold, nose hot and dry, grinding of the teeth, the cow

usually remains standing, ceases to chew her cud, the secretions of milk

will be markedly reduced and a day or so after the symptoms appear,

there will be a discharge from the womb of a reddish lumpy nature. This

becomes thick and yellow containing small particles of flesh, showing

that the inner lining of the womb is sloughing. This discharge is very

offensive in odor. A cow in this condition requires the best of care or

she will die as the decomposed substance in the womb may be absorbed

into the circulation and produce Pyemia or Septicemia (Blood Poison).

TREATMENT: Give Aloin, two drams; Pulv. Ginger, three drams, place in a

gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun. Flush out the womb thoroughly

with a tablespoonful of Carbolic Acid to one gallon of water two or

three times a day. A convenient instrument for flushing out the womb can

be made from an ordinary funnel and a clean hose about four feet long.

This answers the purpose of an injection syringe very well. In their

drinking water add the following: Hyposulphite of Soda, sixteen ounces;

Potassium Iodide, two ounces. Make into sixteen powders and give one

powder two or three times a day.

In addition to the above treatment it is necessary to give alteratives

and bitter tonics to build up the condition of the animal as soon as

possible. The following will be found very effective: Pulv. Gentian

Root, four ounces; Pulv. Ferri Sulphate, four ounces; Nitrate of Potash,

four ounces. Mix and make into sixteen powders and give one powder three

times a day. Place in a gelatin capsule and administer with a capsule

gun.

My reasons for giving animals medicine in capsules are:

1. There is no danger of liquids, as in drenching, escaping into the

lungs.

2. Any drug having any beneficial effects as a tonic is very bitter,

consequently the only way the animal will take it is by placing in

capsule.

JOINT ILL, NAVEL ILL

(Umbilical Pyemia and Septicemia)

CAUSE: This disease is produced by various germs entering the navel cord

of newly born calves when dropped, the navel being freshly severed and

its coming in contact with filth and manure where germs are numerous,

consequently germs adhere and enter the blood stream. Calf Scours as a

rule is associated with this disease.

SYMPTOMS: Swelling of the joints which are very hot and painful on

pressure, and when the calf is made to move it walks stiffly and slowly,

does not care to nurse its mother or take any food, temperature elevated

from 105 to 108 degrees F., breathing hurried, pulse very weak and

quick. There will be an offensive discharge from the navel cord of a

yellowish color and swollen joints finally break and also discharge a

thick yellow pus. The calf becomes emaciated and finally dies from

exhaustion.

TREATMENT: Prevention. Provide clean surroundings for cows when calving,

and in addition to this have a one in one-thousandth solution of

Bichloride of Mercury on hand. Wash the navel well in the solution once

a day until the cord is thoroughly dried.

MEDICAL TREATMENT: Unsuccessful. Sometimes the calf recovers, but at

best the calf is badly stunted and is very seldom worth keeping.

However, the following method of treatment has been followed with fairly

good results: Wash the navel cord well in a one-thousandth solution of

Bichloride of Mercury two or three times a day and give Zinc

Sulphocarbolates, one-fourth grain; Potassi Iodide, five grains, in a

little water or milk three or four times a day. Feed them three or four

eggs a day, molasses, fresh milk. This will keep up the strength and

vitality and a good recovery may follow, although it is an exception and

not a rule.

LACERATION OF THE EYELID

CAUSE: An eyelid may be torn on the manger, rubbing post or barb wire

fence, etc.

TREATMENT: Wash the lacerated portions of the eye thoroughly with a five

per cent solution of Carbolic Acid. It may be necessary to take a few

stitches in the wound or the torn edges may be cut off with a pair of

sharp scissors. If stitches have been taken, they should be removed

after the parts have united and the eye kept clean. A very convenient

application for the eye in this condition is Boracic Acid, one dram;

Distilled Water, four ounces. Apply liberally to the eye.

LEECHES

(Blood Suckers)

Leeches which suck blood of cattle are sometimes taken up by the animals

when drinking water from ponds, etc. The leeches attach themselves to

the inner surface of the mouth or nose, and sometimes reach the upper

part of windpipe or the gullet. Bleeding at the mouth or nose may be

noticed, the membranes where the leeches attach themselves become

congested and swollen, and as a result of the loss of blood anemic

condition follows.

TREATMENT: If the leeches can be reached, they are easily destroyed by

cutting them in two with a pair of scissors or they may be removed with

a pair of forceps or with the fingers after wrapping a piece of cloth

around them so as to prevent slipping.

Steam from boiling hot water containing Pine Tar or Oil of Turpentine

may cause leeches to release their hold if they cannot be removed by

other means. In ponds where leeches are numerous, eels should be

introduced as they feed upon blood suckers of this species.

SHORT-HORN BULL CUMBERLAND'S TYPE 388132.

Winner of many Grand Championships.

Owned by C. A. Saunders, Manilla, Iowa.

LUMPY JAW

(Wooden Tongue, Big Head, Actinomycosis)

CAUSE: The Ray Fungus. This organism which occurs in the tissues in the

form of russets is directly transmitted from one animal to another. It

seems apparent that the fungus is conveyed into the tissues of the mouth

by various food stuff through slight wounds of the mucous membranes of

the mouth or an animal that has decayed teeth or during the shedding of

milk teeth. The Ray Fungus is found naturally vegetated or clinging on

the awns of barley, the spears of oats and on other grains. Quantities

of fungi have been found between the vegetable fibers of barley which

had penetrated the gums of cattle and on the awns of grain imbedded in

their tongues.

Lumpy Jaw can also be transmitted by coming in contact with or eating

food over which lumpy jawed cattle have slobbered. A healthy animal

eating such food with very slight bruises or abrasions of the mouth will

contract the disease very readily. This disease is misleading as other

organs are affected with the Ray Fungi or the Bacillus of Actinomycosis,

as the lungs and even the digestive organs have been found to be

affected with this disease.

SYMPTOMS: External symptoms or signs are the only means by which to

ascertain the disease. Its exact location is on the lower jaw bone near

its angle. It may also affect the upper jaw, but this is an exception

and not a rule. Internally it may affect the tongue, mouth, throat or

lungs, but rarely the intestines. This enlargement continues to grow

until it reaches the size of that of a man's head, breaks and discharges

pus. The animal becomes poor and emaciated, the hair takes on a dull,

roughened appearance and in many cases it is very difficult for it to

eat, especially where the disease separates the gums and bone from the

teeth and causes them to become very loose or to drop out. The animal in

the latter stages of this disease generally dies from starvation.

TREATMENT: Successful in its first stages. Soft, nitrogenous food should

be fed, such as wheat bran mashes, steamed rolled oats or barley, hay

dampened with clean water, so as to make it pliable. Hay containing

woody matter as stems, etc., should not be fed to an animal affected

with Lumpy Jaw as it tends to aggravate the disease. Internally in their

drinking water give two drams of Potassium Iodide morning and night.

This treatment, however, should be omitted when the animal's skin

becomes scaly or when an excessive watery discharge flows from the eyes.

On the outer surface over the enlargement apply the following ointment:

Red Iodide of Mercury, four drams; Lard, two ounces. Mix well and rub in

briskly for twenty minutes every five or six days for three weeks. The

cure can generally be ascertained by the animal gaining in flesh,

although the lump may remain. Where Lumpy Jaw is of long standing so as

to impair the use of the animal's tongue or teeth, it is best to destroy

the animal, as this lessens the possibilities of infecting healthy

animals.

LUNG FEVER

(Pneumonia)

CAUSE: Generally follows congestion of the lungs. It may be due to

parasitic organisms or exposure to cold, drafts when warm after being

driven, etc. Drenching perhaps is the most common cause as it is very

difficult for a cow to swallow when the head is elevated; inhaling

smoke, gases, etc., also tend to produce pneumonia.

SYMPTOMS: Chilling or shivering, temperature elevated to 105 or 106

degrees F., nose hot and dry, horns and legs cold. Pulse rapid though

strong, breathing fast and the appetite very good in some cases. The

animal urinates small quantities of urine but often, of a dark amber

color. A discharge from the nose follows, also a cough. If the ear is

placed back of the fore leg, a dry crackling sound can be heard

something on the order of rubbing hair between the fingers.

TREATMENT: Place the animal in a dry, well lighted and ventilated

stable, but avoid drafts. Give Pulv. Iodide of Ammonia, one ounce; Pulv.

Potassium Nitrate, four ounces; Pulv. Nux Vomica, four ounces; Pulv.

Capsicum, one ounce; Quinine, one ounce. Mix well and make into

thirty-two powders. Place one powder in gelatin capsule and administer

every three or four hours with capsule gun. Supply the animal with fresh

water at all times. Feed laxative food as hot wheat bran mashes or

steamed rolled oats. Also feed vegetables, such as potatoes, apples,

carrots and kale. It is also advisable to apply the following over the

region of the lungs just back of the fore legs: Aqua Ammonia Fort., four

ounces; Oil of Turpentine, four ounces; Raw Linseed Oil, six ounces. Mix

and shake well and apply two or three times daily. It is also advisable

to hand rub the legs and bandage them with woolen cloths. If the above

treatment is properly carried out, the animal will make a complete

recovery in a week or ten days.

LOSS OF CUD

CAUSE: This condition cannot always be traced to a definite cause, as it

is a symptom of all diseases where the process of rumination is

interfered with. The only method by which a cow will again chew her cud

is to restore her back to health by the proper medical treatment.

Artificial cuds are of no value and frequently are a detriment to the

animal. Other symptoms aside from those of the animal not chewing cud

will always make their appearance, as constipation, diarrhoea, elevation

of the temperature, etc. The animal should be thoroughly examined and

the disease treated under its special heading.

MANGE

(Scabies)

CAUSE: There are four different parasites which produce Mange or Scabies

in cattle. However, three of these parasites are rarely seen. The

Symbotis Communis is the parasite commonly seen in American cattle.

These parasites multiply very rapidly and are conveyed from diseased

animals to healthy ones by their bodies coming in contact with one

another and by healthy animals rubbing against fences, walls, posts,

etc., where mangy cattle have previously rubbed.

SYMPTOMS: Scabs, loss of hair, intense itching, the animals are

constantly rubbing or licking themselves. The parts showing the first

signs of Mange are those about the croup, or the root of the tail, the

neck and withers, but as the disease progresses and no attempts are

offered for its eradication, it finally spreads and covers the entire

body. The scabs become ulcerated, the animal becomes weakened, emaciated

and eventually dies.

TREATMENT: Dipping in wood or concrete vats is the most satisfactory

method of treating Mange. The regular lime and sulphur dip as

recommended by the United States Bureau of Animal Industry is

inexpensive and effective.

MEASLY BEEF

Is produced by a larva of common tapeworm of man. These small tapeworm

cysts (taenia saginata) are about the size of a pea and found in the

flesh of cattle, which become infected by eating food or drinking water

which has been contaminated by the feces of persons harboring adult

tapeworms. Then again, the person becomes infected by eating raw or rare

flesh of cattle infected with the larva stage of Measly Beef. Great care

should be exercised to prevent cattle from becoming infected with this

parasite. Persons' feces should not be placed where it will infect food

or drinking water that is consumed by cattle.

MILK FEVER

(Parturient Apoplexy)

CAUSE: Certain conditions predispose cows to Milk Fever, as being heavy

milk producers, cows having enormous digestive power and being heavily

fed on nitrogenous food naturally are in a good condition, consequently

at the time of calving, or shortly after, they are likely to develop a

case of Milk Fever, It is more common during summer months, although

this condition may develop at any time of the year in the type of cow

described above.

SYMPTOMS: At or a few days after calving, the cow is noticed hanging

back in the stall, dull, languid, with an unsteady movement of the hind

legs. If the cow is made to walk, she steps unsteadily or staggers, pays

no attention to her calf; she finally becomes so paralyzed that she

falls and is unable to rise. The pupils of the eyes are dilated and the

membranes reddened or congested with blood. The cow may lie on her

breast or flat on her side, but most likely upon her breast and her head

turned in the region of the flank. She apparently is sound asleep. If

the eyeball is touched with the fingers she does not close the eye, nor

will she evince any pain when being pricked with a pin on any part of

the body. The nose is dry, the temperature is below normal in most

cases. Just how the name of this disease started by the name of "Milk

Fever" I cannot understand.

TREATMENT: When the above signs are noticed, whether the cow is standing

or lying down in a paralyzed condition, obtain an ordinary bulb

injection syringe; insert a tube in the end from which the air escapes.

After washing both syringe and teat tube in a five per cent solution of

Carbolic Acid, milk or strip out all the milk possible from the bag,

then insert the teat tube that is connected to the syringe in each teat,

filling them well with air, and repeat this treatment every hour until

the cow stops staggering, or if lying down, stands on her feet. It is

necessary to strip the milk from the bag before giving an injection of

air. If the cow is lying flat on her side, prop her up by placing bags

of hay or straw against her side, also make her as comfortable as

possible. If lying in the hot sun, provide shade by placing a canopy

over her made from burlap; if the weather is chilly, blanket; if flies

annoy her, use some fly repellant.

This disease is satisfactorily treated. Where ninety per cent of the

cows died at one time, ninety per cent can be saved by the above

treatment. It is a custom with some people to use an ordinary bicycle

pump for treatment of Milk Fever. This should not be practiced, as there

is great danger of infecting the bag and producing serious

complications.

MEDICAL OR AFTER TREATMENT: Never drench a cow. Give a physic consisting

of Aloin, two drams; Ginger, three drams. Place in a gelatin capsule and

give with a capsule gun. Also, give tonics as Pulv. Gentian Root, two

ounces; Pulv. Capsicum, one ounce; Pulv. Nux Vomica, two ounces. Mix and

place into eight gelatin capsules. Give one capsule every eight hours.

This tonic is quite necessary, as it stimulates their appetite, braces

up their nervous system and prevents any complications that might

otherwise follow.

PARALYSIS

(Congestion of the Brain or Spinal Cord)

CAUSE: May be due to a morbid condition of the brain or spinal cord,

concussion of the spinal cord, fractures of the bones of the spinal

column, or violent shocks or jars of the brain, or pressure due to

fractures of the skull, or dilated or ruptured blood vessels. Paralysis

also occurs in poorly fed, weak cows when exposed to cold or wet weather

during the latter stages of pregnancy. Sometimes the back portion of the

bowels (the rectum) becomes paralyzed so as to interfere with the

expulsion of the feces which becomes dry and more or less impacted. This

condition may also occur in connection with Ergot, Forage or Lead

Poisoning, Milk Fever or Parturient Apoplexy.

SYMPTOMS: Appear very suddenly. The animal is unable to stand, lies

quietly and groans occasionally. Constipation generally accompanies this

condition. Sometimes great pain is present, especially if due to

fracture or pressure, as above mentioned.

TREATMENT: If just due to weakness; exposure to cold, wet weather; cows

prior to calving; slight injuries or mild effect of poisons, it is

successfully treated by placing the animal in a comfortable, well

lighted stall, omitting drafts, feeding nourishing food, as warm wheat

bran mashes, steamed rolled oats or barley and linseed meal; tea to

drink prepared as follows: Pour one quart of boiling water on one-half

pint of Pure Flaxseed, allowing it to cool, and compel the animal to

drink it. Repeat this once or twice daily, especially if the animal is

pregnant. A physic consisting of Aloin, two drams; Ginger, two drams;

prepared in capsule and given with a capsule gun is very effective, but

this, however, should not be administered to heavily pregnant cows.

Endeavor to move their bowels by careful feeding of laxative food and

rectal injections of soap and water. Nerve stimulants are necessary and

I have derived good results from the following: Pulv. Nux Vomica, four

ounces; Pulv. Ginger, four ounces; Pulv. Gentian Root, four ounces. Make

into sixteen capsules and give one capsule every four or six hours. Also

apply powdered mustard, moistened with a sufficient quantity of water to

make a paste, and rub over the full length of the spine about eight

inches in width. This should be covered with paper which will adhere

readily to the mustard and water. This application can be repeated every

twenty-four hours until satisfactory results have been obtained.

RED WATER

(Hematuria)

CAUSE: Marshy pastures, water from rich decomposed soil. Vegetation also

has a tendency to produce it as cattle eating green shoots from oak,

ash, hellebore, hazel and other resinous plants, etc.

SYMPTOMS: Bloody urine containing no blood clots. This condition is not

noticed as a general rule until the cow loses flesh and the production

of milk is considerably decreased. One particular symptom of this

disease is the milk being exceptionally foamy and perhaps tinged with

blood. If the disease is left to run its course, the cow will become

emaciated and eventually dies.

TREATMENT: Find out the cause and remove it if possible. See that the

water supply is clean, feed nitrogenous food, as wheat bran mashes or

steamed rolled oats. Do not permit the animal to eat resinous plants as

stated above.

Administer Pulv. Gentian Root, four ounces; Pulv. Nux Vomica, four

ounces; Pulv. Ferri Sulphate, four ounces. Mix and make into sixteen

capsules and give one capsule two or three times a day with capsule gun.

If the animal is constipated, give two drams of Aloin, three drams of

Ginger. Place in capsule and give with capsule gun.

RETAINED AFTERBIRTH

CAUSE: Retained afterbirth may follow normal or abnormal calving where

there has been more or less inflammation of the womb prior to giving

birth, which causes the afterbirth to adhere firmly to its attachments.

Cows in poor condition fed on poor food during cold weather are very

susceptible to this accident; also very common in aged cows.

SYMPTOMS: Very easily detected by portions of the membranes (afterbirth)

protruding from the Womb or Vulva, which becomes decomposed very shortly

and offensive in odor. This accident is very serious when absorption is

produced, ill health, drying up of the milk in addition to producing

inflammation of the womb, Whites, etc. It may produce blood-poisoning

and chances are you will lose your animal.

PREVENTION: Very important. Feed the cow on food that is easily digested

and supply her with fresh water to drink that is not too cold. Flaxseed

Tea is very beneficial if given a day or so prior to calving and is

prepared by pouring a quart of boiling hot water on one-half pint of

Flaxseed, permitting it to cool of its own accord. Then compel the

animal to drink it. This appears to have a very good effect on

separating the afterbirth from the mushroom-like bodies of the womb to

which it is attached.

MEDICAL TREATMENT: The afterbirth should not be pulled away by force, as

it may tear, leaving small portions unremoved that perhaps would result

in Inflammation of the Womb or Whites. To remove the afterbirth insert

the hand and carefully detach it from its attachments, being very

careful that the cotyledons are not torn off. After this has been

carefully removed, wash out the womb with Carbolic Acid solution about

two and one-half per cent. An instrument can be made for this purpose

very easily from a clean piece of hose about four feet long and an

ordinary funnel. Sometimes it is necessary to give physics, as Aloin,

two drams; Ginger, two drams. Place in a gelatin capsule and give with

capsule gun.

In addition to the above, stimulants are also advisable such as powdered

Nux Vomica, powdered Capsicum, powdered Ginger, powdered Nitrate of

Potash, equal parts four ounces. Make twenty-four capsules and give one

capsule three times a day.

RHEUMATISM

CAUSE: Exposure, especially when the animal is permitted to lie on cold

damp soils or floors. Another common cause is an animal exposed to cold

drafts after perspiring or weakened after severe physical exercise.

SYMPTOMS: Stiffness when walking, variable appetite, constipation, hair

unthrifty looking. Passage of urine is scant and of an amber color,

usually slight elevation in temperature and the animal lies down a great

part of the time. There are two forms of rheumatism--muscular and

articular. The former affects the muscles of the body, while the latter

affects the joints. There will be swellings that are tender on pressure,

which may shift to different parts of the body.

TREATMENT: Place the animal in warm dry quarters with a sufficient

quantity of clean bedding. Feed foods that are easily digested, as wheat

bran mashes and steamed rolled oats and vegetables. Keep pure, cold

water within the animal's reach at all times. The following prescription

has been found very effective in the treatment of this disease: Sodium

Salicylate, six ounces; Nux Vomica, two ounces; Pulv. Gentian Root, two

ounces; Nitrate of Potash, two ounces. Mix and make into sixteen

capsules and give one capsule three times daily with capsule gun. If the

bowels are constipated give Aloin, two drams; Ginger, three drams. Place

in capsule and give with capsule gun. When the joints or muscles become

swollen and inflamed, the following liniment will be found very

effective in reducing the swellings: Aqua Ammonia Fort., two ounces; Oil

of Turpentine, three ounces; Sweet Oil, six ounces. Mix and apply by

rubbing in well two or three times a day.

AYRSHIRE Cows LILY OF WILLOWMOOR.

22,106 lbs, Milk; 888.70 lbs. Fat; 1046 lbs. Butter, 4.02% Fat.

GERRANTON DORA II.

21,023 lbs. Milk; 804.79 lbs. Fat; 947 lbs. Butter, 3.83% Fat.

Owned by J. W. Clise, Redmond, Wash.

RINGWORM

CAUSE: Due to a vegetable parasite. It affects the hair and the outer

layer of skin and is highly contagious, being transmitted from one

animal to another.

SYMPTOMS: The disease usually appears in the form of circular patches of

the skin, which soon become denude of hair. Sometimes a white sticky

discharge and the formation of scaly, brittle crusts on the patches

appear, silvery gray in color. They are generally confined to the head

and neck. It is a common disease among young cattle in the Winter and

Spring. This disease is attended with more or less itching and is

communicable to man.

TREATMENT: Remove the scabs or crusts with soap and warm water. However,

the surface of the body should be well dried after washing each time.

Apply Tincture of Iodine with a camel-hair brush to the spots denuded of

hair. It is quite necessary that the barn and rubbing posts be

disinfected by spraying or washing them with a twenty-five per cent

solution of Carbolic Acid.

ROUND WORM

CAUSE: An animal swallowing the eggs of the parasite in food or water

which has been contaminated with the feces of infected cattle. There are

two species, the large Roundworm measuring from five to fourteen inches

in length, the other small Roundworm varying in size from one-quarter of

an inch to two inches in length. Both the small and large Roundworms

infest the intestines of cattle and calves. These worms, especially

small Roundworms, irritate the mucous lining of the intestines, which

may cause severe inflammation.

SYMPTOMS: Anemia, appetite variable, diarrhoea, general weakness,

dullness and excessive thirst; also a paleness of the visible membranes

of the mouth, nose and eye. Worms frequently pass with the feces and can

be readily seen by a close observer.

PREVENTIVE TREATMENT: See prevention of Twisted Stomach Worm.

MEDICAL TREATMENT: Withhold all food from eighteen to twenty-four hours.

To calves, two to eight months old, give two teaspoonfuls of Turpentine

in a pint of milk; to yearlings, give one tablespoonful. Place in

gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun. To cattle one year old and

over place one ounce in a gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun.

This treatment is to be repeated twice during the intervals of ten days

or two weeks, which insures the expulsion of the eggs of worms that

escaped the first treatment. Also keep salt where cattle can lick it

frequently.

RUPTURE

(Abdominal Hernia)

CAUSE: This disease occasionally occurs in calves by receiving blows

from the cow's horns on the right flank. After such an accident a

swelling forms near the last ribs. This swelling may be either hot and

painful or soft to the touch. It can be made to disappear by careful

pressure when the sides of the rupture through which it has passed can

be felt. On removing the pressure the rupture soon regains its swollen

appearance. Similar conditions may also occur in aged cattle, usually

due to injuries, such as being kicked by a horse, etc., or due to a

weakness of the muscles that are ruptured sometimes during difficult

birth.

TREATMENT: Feed the animal on laxative food and feed sparingly on bulky

food such as hay, straw and grass. Round the edges of a block of wood a

little smaller, but the same shape as the rupture. After wrapping with

cloth nicely, place it over the rupture, then place around the body.

This permits the ruptured muscles to grow together, providing the animal

is properly dieted as stated above.

Sometimes a rupture of long standing or a newly produced rupture may be

treated by injecting strong solutions of Common Salt around the torn

edges of the muscles. This causes swelling and inflammation, which

respectively forces the protruded intestines back and closes the

opening. There is some danger attached to this method of treatment, and

if attempted I would advise the services of a competent Veterinarian.

SCUM OVER THE EYE

CAUSE: See Inflammation of the Eye.

SYMPTOMS: The eye has a smoke-colored appearance.

TREATMENT: Silver Nitrate, two grains, thoroughly dissolved in one ounce

of Distilled Water, Apply with dropper two or three times a day. Feed

the animal on food that is easily digested and confine the animal to a

cool, clean, dark stall.

SORE THROAT

(Laryngitis and Pharyngitis)

CAUSE: Sudden cooling of the surface of the body, as when cattle are

exposed to cold weather or cold rain or the inhaling of irritating

gases.

SYMPTOMS: The muzzle is dry, temperature slightly elevated and saliva

dribbles from the corners of the mouth. The animal either does not

swallow, or swallows with great difficulty, and holds its head in a

stiff, straight position, moving it as little as possible. The eyelids

are half-closed and bloodshot, and the animal occasionally grinds the

teeth. After masticating the food the animal drops it out of its mouth

as if to avoid the pain of swallowing, and also evinces great pain when

pressure is applied from the outside. In acute attacks of sore throat,

the animal coughs with great difficulty and breathes very noisily. The

nostrils are dilated and nose extended.

TREATMENT: Place the animal in as comfortable a place as possible,

permitting as much fresh air as possible, but avoiding drafts. Blanket

the animal if the weather is chilly, also hand rub the legs and bandage

with woolen cloths.

Administer Chlorate of Potash, two ounces; Nitrate of Potash, two

ounces; Tannic Acid, one-half ounce; Molasses, eight ounces. Mix well

and place one tablespoonful on the tongue every three or four hours.

Feed soft food, as wheat bran mashes and steamed rolled oats, or boiled

vegetables. Give drinking water with the chill taken off.

It is always necessary to apply liniments to the throat, and I would

advise the application of Aqua Ammonia Fort., four ounces; Oil of

Turpentine, four ounces, and Sweet Oil, four ounces. Apply and rub in

well two or three times a day.

STRINGY MILK

CAUSE: Cows wading or standing in stagnant pools of water. Frequently

stringy milk results from fungi entering the udder. This takes on an

infectious form, and several cows may become affected at one time.

SYMPTOMS: Although the milk appears perfectly normal when first milked,

it becomes stringy after being let stand for a few hours. If a needle is

inserted in the milk and slowly withdrawn, the milk will adhere to the

point and have a stringy appearance. If the cow is examined carefully,

the temperature will be found to be elevated a degree or two, the

appetite poor and the nose dry.

TREATMENT: Feed laxative food and see that they have fresh water to

drink. Also, place two drams of Soda Bisulphite once or twice a day in

gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun. Do not permit the cow to come

in contact with stagnant pools of water that carry this infection.

Perhaps the best plan is to fence out all such stagnant pools of water.

SUPPRESSION OF MILK

(Absence of Milk)

CAUSE: Unusually due to poor health, debility, emaciated, chronic

diseases of the bag, or wasting of its glands from various diseases or

impure food. Sometimes this condition is produced without any apparent

cause.

TREATMENT: Determine the cause, if possible, and remove it. Feed warm

wheat bran mashes, steamed rolled oats or barley. Administer Pulv. Anise

Seed, one-half ounce, two or three times a day. This has a very good

effect in this particular condition. Also rub the bag and strip the

teats often, and apply Oil of Lavender. The majority of cases respond to

this treatment if not due to chronic disease of the bag.

TAPEWORM

CAUSE: Small portions of tapeworms, consisting of one or more segments,

are occasionally seen in the droppings of infected cattle. The infection

is undoubtedly taken in with the food or water, infection being spread

by the eggs of the parasite, and being expelled with the feces of an

infected animal. The eggs being swallowed by insects, worms or snails,

which act as an intermediate host, and which when swallowed accidentally

by cattle while grazing or drinking carry with them into the animal's

stomach the infectious stage of the tapeworm. Aged cattle do not seem to

suffer much from tapeworms, but in calves these parasites cause scours

and rapid emaciation.

SYMPTOMS: Emaciation, diarrhoea, loss of flesh, ravenous appetite,

paleness of the mucous membranes of the mouth and eyes, and the segments

of the tapeworms can occasionally be seen in the droppings.

TREATMENT: Withhold all food from eighteen to twenty-four hours, and to

calves from two to eight months old give two teaspoonfuls of gasoline in

a pint of milk. To yearlings, place one tablespoonful in a gelatin

capsule and give with capsule gun. To cattle one year and over, place

one ounce in capsule and give with capsule gun. Repeat this treatment

two or three times during intervals of a week or two.

TEXAS FEVER

CAUSE: Due to a micro organism (Piropalasna Bigenium) which imbeds

itself in the red blood corpuscles. This disease is transmitted or

scattered by means of a tick which drops from the affected animal. The

disease has various names, according to the locality in which it

appears. Among them are: Spanish Fever, Red Water, Black Water, Red

Murrian, Australian Cattle Tick Fever, etc.

SYMPTOMS: Loss of appetite. The animal ceases to ruminate, or does not

chew the cud, and every sign of unthriftiness is displayed; a high

temperature, and when the animal is standing the back is arched, but the

animal, however, prefers to lie down most of the time and shows desire

for solitude. The urine is very dark in color, hence the name "Red or

Black Water." The disease is usually fatal, the animal dies within a few

weeks.

TREATMENT: My advice is, when this disease once develops, or an animal

shows any of the particular signs that I have mentioned, secure the

services of a competent veterinarian, who will immunize by the use of

serums, disinfectants, etc.

TICKS

Ticks are very difficult to kill, on account of their protected

location, as ear ticks are not affected by dipping, and remedies strong

enough for this purpose are liable to injure the animal, but these

parasites may be expelled by pouring into the ear Carbolated Sweet or

Cottonseed Oil with favorable results.

TUBERCULOSIS

CAUSE: The bacilli of Tuberculosis thrive in animals, especially those

in a weakened condition, or when exposed to atmospheric changes,

unwholesome food, dark and poorly ventilated stables. They gain entrance

into the body through the lungs or the intestinal canal. They lodge in

various portions of the lungs or intestines, and multiply very rapidly,

causing irritations and formations, nodules, cysts or abscesses. They

are the means of the bacillus entering the blood, which carries the

infection to other parts of the body, as the spleen, liver, udder, womb,

etc. Cows affected with generalized tuberculosis, that is to say, the

infection is confined to not only a small portion of the lungs, but also

to any of the above mentioned organs, etc., may give birth to a calf

having general tuberculosis at birth, or shortly after, due to the cow's

blood circulating through the body of the calf before birth.

SYMPTOMS: This disease may pass a casual observer unnoticed, although in

some instances we notice a slight cough, unthriftiness, dullness. The

coughing is best marked after taking a drink of water in the morning and

then being exercised. Some animals keep up in good condition and look

perfectly healthy while some get emaciated, have constipation, variable

appetite, and sometimes growths or abscesses can be felt or seen in the

udder or glands of the body and neck.

However, cattle showing any weakness, or the above symptoms, should be

tested for tuberculosis by a competent veterinarian who has had the

privileges of a veterinary education and experience in the

administration of tuberculin.

TREATMENT: It is not advisable to treat tuberculosis. Thus far, medicine

has failed to relieve the affected animal, or kill the bacillus of

tuberculosis in a living animal. The infected animals should be disposed

of on account of tubercular cows giving birth to tubercular calves, the

milk being unfit for human consumption, unless it is thoroughly

pasteurized. Infected cattle should be separated from healthy ones, as

the disease spreads very rapidly. Drinking and feeding troughs are a

means of spreading the infection, therefore, suspected cases of

tuberculosis should be tested and if the animals react, they should be

slaughtered, and if the disease is localized, passed for human

consumption. The meat of animals suspected of having tuberculosis, or

reacting from tuberculin test, should be well cooked.

TWISTED STOMACH WORM

CAUSE: Cattle become affected with this worm by grazing in pastures in

which infested cattle have grazed and scattered their droppings. The

worms in the stomach produce a multitude of eggs of microscopic size,

which pass out of the body with the feces. In warm weather, these eggs

hatch in a few hours; if the temperature remains about freezing point,

they soon die. The eggs are also destroyed, by dryness, but, on the

other hand, moisture, if the weather is warm, favors their development.

The twisted worm measures one-half inch to one and one-half inches in

length.

SYMPTOMS: General weakness, loss of flesh, anemia, dullness, capricious

appetite, excessive thirst, paleness of the skin and mucous membranes of

the mouth and eyes, and dropsical swelling, especially that of the lower

jaw. Diarrhoea always accompanies this condition and if the feces is

carefully examined the small worms may be seen wriggling about like

little snakes, or when an animal dies; and the fourth stomach is opened,

these worms can be seen in large quantities.

TREATMENT: Preventive measures are important, as damp, marshy soil

favors the development of the embryos. High sloping ground is preferable

for pasture. If low ground is used it should be properly drained;

burning over the pasture will destroy most of the young worms on the

grass and on the ground. Cattle should be supplied with water from

flowing streams or wells and not stagnant ponds.

MEDICAL TREATMENT: Withhold all food for twenty-four hours; then

administer Oil of Turpentine, placing it in an ounce capsule and give

with capsule gun. Follow in six hours with a physic consisting of Aloin,

two drams; ginger, two drams. Place in capsule and give with capsule

gun. When this worm develops in calves, give as follows: One dram of

Turpentine to a calf three months old, four drams to a calf six months

old, six drams to a yearling. To cattle two years and over, give

equivalent dose, or an ounce. The physic should be reduced in the same

proportions as that of Turpentine.

VERMINOUS BRONCHITIS

(Lung Worms)

CAUSE: Due to worm or parasite called Strongylus Micrurus, a small

thread-like worm two to four inches in length, found in the bronchial

tubes, a portion of the lungs. The life history of this parasite is not

known, but infection is apparently derived through the medium of

pastures where infested cattle have grazed. Young cattle are more

seriously affected than old animals, especially common in low marshy

pastures.

SYMPTOMS: This form of bronchitis usually affects the entire herd; the

animals become poor, unthrifty, hacking, coughing, especially at night,

and sometimes animals actually cough up worms.

TREATMENT: Various treatments have been recommended for Verminous

Bronchitis, or Lung Worm, as injecting Turpentine into the windpipe or

fumigating animals by placing them in a closed shed or barn and burning

sulphur, compelling the affected animals to inhale the fumes. This

treatment perhaps is the safest and the most effective. A person should

remain in the enclosed shed and when the fumes become so strong that

there is danger of suffocation, open the doors and windows. This

treatment should be repeated every week until coughing ceases.

HOLSTEIN COW FINDERNE PRIDE JOHANA RUE 121083.

28,403.7 lbs. Milk; 1,176.47 lbs. Butter Fat.

Somerset Holstein Breeders Co., Somerville, N. J. World's Record Cow.

WARBLES OR GRUBS

CAUSE: By the heel-fly or warble-fly. They deposit their eggs on the

legs of cattle during the fall. The animal, licking the parts, takes the

eggs into its mouth. These eggs gradually migrate into the gullet, where

they hatch and burrow through the tissues, and in the early spring will

be found in the region of the back in the form of small lumps under the

skin.

SYMPTOMS: Warbles are frequently seen under the skin in the region of

the back and over the loins, and are very tender to the touch. When they

are fully developed they work their way through the skin, which usually

occurs in the early part of the summer. Examine your cattle in the

winter and spring for the presence of grubs. They can be easily found by

running the hand over the loins, by abrupt swellings or bunches on the

skin. Pressure on the swellings will perhaps cause the grubs to pop out.

TREATMENT: Remove the grubs by making a small incision with a clean,

sharp knife in the center of the swelling. Then press them out and into

each cavity from which the grub has been extracted, or squeezed out,

should be injected a five per cent solution of Carbolized Sweet Oil to

prevent any further development of flies or grubs. Cattle sprayed with

fly repellants during the spring and summer are very seldom bothered

with warbles or grubs. However, this is not practical in range cattle;

dipping instead should be resorted to, and it is surprising what results

will be derived from fly repellants in a year or two. They will

practically exterminate the pest, and consequently the cattle are

thrifty and look much better.

WARTS

CAUSE: Warts may appear on various parts of the body, and are due to an

abnormal growth of cells growing upon the outer surface of healthy skin,

or they may grow upon skin that is deprived of the proper blood supply.

TREATMENT: If the wart is located where there is hair surrounding it,

cut away the hair, then wash the wart and surrounding parts with a five

per cent solution of Carbolic Acid and clip the wart off with a sharp

pair of scissors or knife. After the wart is removed, cauterize the cut

surface with a hot iron. Caustic Potash or Silver Nitrate should be

applied two or three times at the intervals of two or three days to

insure the entire extermination of the wart. This same treatment applies

to all classes of warts located in various places.

WHITES

(Leucorrhea)

CAUSE: Continual chronic inflammation of the womb, or due to irritations

from a retained afterbirth. Injuries or wounds inflicted by hands or

instruments in difficult calving, diseases of the ovaries, etc.

SYMPTOMS: A glarish, white discharge from the womb. When cow is lying

down it flows more abundantly, soiling the tail, etc. The general health

may not be much affected at first, but if the discharge continues and is

putrid, the health fails, the milk shrinks, and there is a great loss of

flesh. In some cases heat is more frequent or intense than natural, but

the animal rarely conceives when served, and if she does, is likely to

abort.

TREATMENT: Feed nitrogenous food. Wash the womb out with a solution

consisting of five grains of Permanganate of Potash to one quart of

water. This should be repeated once or twice a day. If the animal is

constipated, give two drams of Aloin, three drams of Ginger. Place in

gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun. Also place Potassium Iodide

one dram, Hyposulphite of Soda one ounce in the drinking water two or

three times a day. This not only diminishes the discharge, but has a

good effect on the blood, particularly where there is more or less

decomposition of the flesh.

WOLF IN THE TAIL

This condition is imaginary, although the muscles of the tail relax or

soften, especially those of its extremity, due to ill health;

consequently the condition of the cow should be treated, and not the

tail.

TREATMENT: Remove the cause. Perhaps the animal has indigestion, or a

cold, etc. Determine the malady by careful examination and treat the

disease under its special heading.

It has been a custom among the so-called cow doctors to split the tail

with a sharp knife, then fill the wound with salt and pepper and bandage

with a cloth. This is a fallacy, and should not be tolerated.

DISEASES OF SWINE

Causes, Symptoms and Treatments

Location of Parts of Swine

1. Mouth

2. Nostrils

3. Face

4. Eyes

5. Ears

6. Jaws

7. Jowl

8. Neck

9. Shoulder

10. Fore flanks

11. Chest Floor

12. Pasterns

13. Dew Claw

14. Sheath

15. Belly

16. Side or ribs

17. Heart girth

19. Loin

20. Rump

21. Coupling

22. Rear flanks

23. Tail

24. Thighs

25. Hocks

CHAPTER III

HOG REGULATOR AND TONIC

Nux Vomica, one pound; Hardwood Charcoal, two pounds; Sulphur, two

pounds; Common Salt, three pounds; Sulphide of Antimony, one and

one-half pounds; Glauber Salts, two pounds; Bicarbonate of Soda, four

pounds; Hyposulphite of Soda, four pounds; Nitrate of Potash, one pound;

Quassia, one-half pound; Gentian Root, one pound; Iron Sulphate, one

pound; pulverize and mix well.

To everyone hundred pounds of hog weight, give one tablespoonful in feed

or swill once or twice daily. For hogs weighing two hundred pounds, the

dose would be two tablespoonfuls; for a hog weighing fifty pounds,

one-half tablespoonful.

Hogs, like other animals, require tonics, bowel regulators and worm

expellers. For these purposes, I have prescribed under a number of the

diseases of hogs, which I cover in this chapter, the above general tonic

and regulator which I have used in my personal practice with marked

success, especially serving the purpose of aiding hogs in their

convalescence from debilitating diseases and in their recovery from a

general run-down condition.

Aside from its general tonic and regulative effect, this prescription

contains nerve tonics, intestinal antiseptics, laxatives, worm

expellers, and aids digestion, etc.

If regularly given to hogs, and sanitary conditions are maintained, this

tonic and regulator will largely fortify them against contagious

diseases.

ABORTION

CAUSE: Sows may abort at any state of pregnancy by slipping, falling,

receiving kicks, or by being caught while crawling through or under

fences. Sows may also abort when allowed to crawl into quarters where

there are other hogs. Contagious diseases, such as Cholera and

Pleuropneumonia also produce abortion. There is also a contagious form

of abortion in sows, but this is very uncommon, as the disease spreads

very slowly.

SYMPTOMS: There is no warning given, as a rule; the sows expel their

pigs before any signs of abortion are noticed.

In other cases the sows refuse to eat, become uneasy, shivering and

trembling of the muscles, and straining or labor pains are noticed. As a

rule, when a sow aborts, she will not prepare a bed, as she would

normally.

TREATMENT: Preventive is the only safe and sure treatment, although when

the first sign of abortion appears, and there are no signs of the

membranes coming away, remove the sow to quiet, warm, clean quarters by

herself, and if straining, give one dram of Chloral-Hydrate in her

drinking water every two or three hours.

When a sow aborts, burn the pigs and afterbirth, and disinfect the pens

with a Coal Tar disinfectant. Keep this up for several days, and do not

breed until all discharges from the vagina have ceased flowing.

ADMINISTRATION OF MEDICINE TO HOGS

To administer medicine to hogs may seem easy, but, nevertheless, it is a

difficult task. Never lay a hog on his back to drench him, as in so

doing there is great danger of strangling. The proper method is to stand

or set him on end, holding him up by the ears, and by the use of a

bottle with a piece of hose drawn over its neck, give the medicine very

slowly, so as not to allow a large quantity to accumulate in the mouth

or throat at one time. There is always danger of some of the liquid

escaping into the lungs and causing the hog to strangle, and thus it may

produce pneumonia. However, this is the best method of giving hogs

medicine by force.

Hogs will generally take medicine in their feed or drinking water,

unless they are very sick, or the medicine is extremely disagreeable to

the taste.

BAG INFLAMMATION

CAUSE: Injuries, obstructed teats, accumulation of milk in the sow's bag

after the loss of part of or all of her litter. Difficult birth, slight

wounds in the bag permit invasion of germs, which is frequently the

common cause of bag inflammation.

SYMPTOMS: Heat, pain and swelling in one or more teats. The general body

temperature is elevated one or two degrees above normal. The sow perhaps

refuses her feed, although she will drink water in large quantities.

TREATMENT: Feed soft, sloppy food and vegetables. Give Epsom Salts, two

to four ounces, in milk or feed. It is also well to milk the sow by

hand, relieving her of the milk three or four times a day. This is very

necessary. Camphorated Oil is very soothing, and I would recommend its

use freely only over affected teats.

BLACK TOOTH

CAUSE: Black Tooth, so called in swine, is principally due to injuries

to the teeth received by chewing hard matter, such as bone, etc., which

causes them to decay.

SYMPTOMS: Toothache. Toothache in swine is similar to that exhibited by

man, in showing loss of appetite, salivation, or slobbering, hanging the

head mostly to the side which is affected, loss of fear of man, and

offensive breath. If the hogs are fed on strongly acid food for any

length of time, their teeth may become dark colored. As the teeth are

not materially injured; so long as decayed tooth substance cannot be

noticed, and while the appetite and chewing facilities of the hog do not

appear to be diminished, no interference will be necessary.

It is customary with some people to examine the teeth of hogs, and if

one tooth is found darker colored than the others, it is supposed to be

the cause of the hog not doing well, if he is in a poor condition, and

the tooth is hammered off flush with the jaw, leaving the broken roots,

lacerated gums and nerves to increase the hog's suffering. If the hog

recovers, it is often concluded that this was a case of Black Tooth.

My advice is, if you are determined to have the tooth out, extract it

properly. Do not break it off. When your hogs are not thriving, give

them the regulator and tonic prescribed on the first page of this

chapter.

BLOOD POISONING

(Pyemia Septicemia)

CAUSE: Due to the toxic substance produced by germs that invade wounds,

bruises, abscesses, or womb following farrowing, if lacerated.

SYMPTOMS: The seat of injury becomes swollen, pus may adhere to the

hair, temperature elevated, appetite poor, hog moves about very slowly,

becomes separated from the rest of the drove, lies around in some cool,

quiet place, eventually becomes very weak and poor and dies, if good

attention is not given.

TREATMENT: Separate from the other hogs and remove to a clean,

comfortable place and wash the seat of injury with some good

disinfectant, as a five per cent Carbolic Acid solution. In case of

abscess, open it low so as to assure good drainage. Keep clean, cool

water before your hogs at all times. Give mashes made from wheat bran

and hot water, or any good, substantial food that is easily digested

containing regulator and tonic prescribed on the first page of this

chapter.

BRONCHITIS

CAUSE: Lung worms, poorly ventilated sleeping quarters, sleeping in

straw stacks, in manure heaps, overheated, filthy pens, where the

animals inhale irritating gases given off the bodies of other hogs, and

from filth. Smoke and dust are very common producers of bronchitis.

SYMPTOMS: Breathing fast, appetite poor, slight rise in temperature and

coughing. The hog is dull and stupid, refuses food, but drinks water

frequently.

TREATMENT: Preventive; avoid the above named causes, but when hogs

become affected, move them to clean, well ventilated quarters, avoiding

dust and gases, disinfect bedding and floors with some good

disinfectant, as Crude Carbolic Acid, sprayed. Also give large doses of

the hog regulator and tonic, as prescribed on the first page of this

chapter. Feed vegetables, or any easily digested food, and hot wheat

bran mashes.

In case the disease is due to lung worms, confine the animals in a

closed shed and permit them to inhale the steam from Turpentine and

water for a few minutes, by placing water and Turpentine in a tin

receptacle holding about two gallons, and inserting heated bricks or

stones into the solution.

CASTRATION

This is generally understood by every stockraiser, yet there are some

points many do not know. For instance, you should use in this operation

an antiseptic solution, as Carbolic Acid or Bichloride of Mercury. Wash

thoroughly with antiseptic yours hands and knife, also the seat of

operation and make your incision as low as possible to permit the pus to

drain out nicely. If this is not practiced, the pus will become absorbed

into the blood, producing blood poison, which may produce death, or at

the best will cause the hog to become stunted, whereas, if the operation

is performed properly, the hog will thrive, regardless of the shock from

the operation. I may add that it is much better to castrate pigs or hogs

when their stomach and intestines are empty, and it is always good

practice to feed laxative and easily digested foods sparingly after this

operation.

CHOKING

CAUSE: Vegetables, such as potatoes, etc., roots, as carrots, turnips

and sometimes pieces of bone or glass, lodge in the gullet. Paralysis of

the muscular fibres of the gullet is a very common cause of choking in

swine.

SYMPTOMS: The hog is unable to swallow, producing frothing at the mouth

and, if the obstruction cannot be dislodged, death occurs in a very

short time. Sometimes the obstruction in the gullet may be felt from the

outside with the hand.

TREATMENT: The administration of small doses of Raw Linseed or Olive

Oil, or Lard, will assist in dislodging the obstruction. Also careful

manipulation of the gullet from the outside with the hand assists in

either forcing it into the stomach or bringing it out through hog's

mouth. If vomiting can be produced, it will dislodge the obstruction. If

immediate results are not obtained from the above treatments, I would

recommend butchering the hog for meat immediately.

COLD IN THE HEAD

(Nasal Catarrh)

CAUSE: Exposure to cold; a very common condition in cold, wet weather

when hogs are allowed to sleep in manure heaps, straw stacks, or pile up

together, when they become overheated and later chill. Nasal Catarrh may

also be due to inhaling dust or irritating gases.

SYMPTOMS: The animal is stupid and feverish, coughing and sneezing

frequently; appetite is poor, eyes watery and inflamed; a discharge of

mucus from the nose will terminate in yellow pus and the nose, if

examined, is found to be inflamed and ulcerated.

TREATMENT: The best and safest treatment is to provide clean sleeping

quarters, avoid overcrowding in dusty, dirty sheds, especially during

cold weather. Pigs affected with cold in the head should be fed on

laxative food, such as boiled carrots, potatoes, apples, hot wheat bran

mashes and steamed rolled oats.

MEDICAL TREATMENT: Confine the affected hogs to a shed, close windows

and doors and any large cracks; then compel them to inhale steam from

the following mixture: Turpentine, eight ounces; Pine Tar, one pint;

Water, two gallons. Place in tin receptacle in center of shed and heat

the above solution by adding hot bricks or stones to the mixture

occasionally. Compel the hogs to inhale this steam for at least thirty

minutes twice a day. Give Chlorate of Potash in twenty grain doses three

times a day in feed or drinking water. This treatment is very successful

if the inflammation has not extended to the lungs.

DIARRHOEA IN YOUNG PIGS

(Scours)

CAUSE: Decomposed foods, slops, etc., fed to the mothers, causing them

to give toxic milk. Poorly ventilated, filthy, cold and damp pens,

insufficient exercise, lack of sunlight, raising pigs by hand or with

other sow.

SYMPTOMS: Frequent movement of the bowels, the passage being of a

grayish-white color and the odor very disagreeable. At this stage of

the disease, reliable remedies must be given or the pig will die very

soon.

The discharge from the bowels becomes very thin, the tail and legs

become soiled, loss of appetite, the pigs become weak and dull, hair

rough and it is difficult for them to move about. In very young pigs,

treatment is of little value.

TREATMENT: As Scours in pigs is a disease frequently caused by faulty

food and insanitary surroundings, a preventive treatment is of great

importance, and much better results are thus obtained than by the use of

medical agents. Medical treatment consists in first cleaning away the

irritant present in the bowels. For this purpose give one to two

tablespoonfuls of Castor Oil. At the time of farrowing all sows should

receive a light diet and be kept in clean, dry quarters. The pigs should

be allowed pure air, sunshine and exercise. If the sow appears hot and

feverish, give one to three ounces of Castor Oil in milk or swill. Avoid

feeding decomposed, moldy food, or sour milk. To check the diarrhoea in

pigs, use the following after the irritant is removed or cleaned out as

above stated: Zinc Sulphocarbolates, thirty grains; Protan, two ounces;

Pulv. Gentian Root, two ounces. Make into sixty capsules or powders and

give one, three or four times a day. The sow should receive a dose about

eight times the size of that of the pigs.

CHESTER WHITES.

Owned by C. A. Slepieka, Tobias, Nebr.

HOG CHOLERA

CAUSE: By the Bacillus Sius; contaminated food, stagnant water, filth,

etc., all have a tendency to aid its progress. I have seen farms,

although located in sections where Cholera was prevalent, not in the

least troubled with the malady, perhaps due to careful feeding of clean

foods, care in watering, cleanliness about the pens and sheds and

disinfecting occasionally, but no doubt a better explanation is that

those hogs received tonics, containing worm expellers, at least four

times a year. Many a case of supposed Hog Cholera is due to worms

irritating and producing inflammation of the intestines, followed by

diarrhoea. A person not familiar with the disease calls this "hog

cholera." In other cases, hogs which are fed swills from restaurants,

hotels, etc., containing soap, washing powders, small particles of

glass, etc., will die with symptoms leading a person to think they had

Hog Cholera, but if a thorough investigation is made the true cause of

death can easily be discovered.

SYMPTOMS: In true Hog Cholera, the temperature will be elevated two to

four degrees above normal. There will be a loss of appetite, vomiting,

diarrhoea, although there may be constipation when the hog is first

affected. The hog wanders off by itself to some cool, quiet place and

lies down. When it walks it will stagger and show great stiffness in its

hind parts, due to soreness of the intestines. The hair will have a

roughened appearance, the back arched, the eyes inflamed and discharging

pus, red blotches will show themselves back of the ears, inside the legs

and on the abdomen. At this stage the diarrhoea is watery, dark and

tinged with blood, and very offensive in odor, breath is very fast and

labored. The hog grows very weak and dies.

TREATMENT: Prevention must always be borne in mind. Do not feed filthy

food. Always feed good, wholesome food, and give clean water to drink.

Watch the condition of hog's bowels and regulate them by feeding. Burn

manure and bedding and disinfect carefully. Do not permit your hogs to

drink out of running streams of water, especially if Hog Cholera is in

your neighborhood. When buying hogs, it is well to keep them off by

themselves for two or three weeks, as they may be diseased. Do not

permit neighbors, their stock or dogs on your premises when Hog Cholera

is raging, as the infection of Hog Cholera can be spread very rapidly by

matter from the affected hogs adhering to the shoes of man, to the feet

of stock and dogs, etc.

I am positive that if this method were properly practiced by all hog

raisers and feeders, Hog Cholera would be a very rare disease.

SERUM TREATMENT: This is successful in some cases, and in others

unsuccessful. The latter perhaps is due to poor serums, or the disease

being so far advanced in its progress that the hogs are beyond recovery.

Serum treatment is very expensive and, as it requires a strictly septic

operation of injecting the serum, the average hog raiser or grower is

not qualified to administer the treatment properly. An additional and

necessary expense is the services of a Veterinary Surgeon. Therefore, I

strongly urge adoption of preventive measures as stated. Use some good

disinfectant, such as Crude Carbolic Acid, which destroys the Bacillus

of Hog Cholera. Also administer hog regulator and tonic as prescribed on

first page of this chapter. This will expel worms, tone the system,

regulate the bowels and fortify your hogs against Hog Cholera.

INDIGESTION

CAUSE: Worms are perhaps one of the most common causes. Unwholesome,

irritating food or swill containing soap or washing powder have a

tendency to derange the process of digestion.

SYMPTOMS: Abdominal pain, vomiting, back arched, breathing rapid and

temperature elevated from two to three degrees. There may be diarrhoea

or the animal may be constipated. Vomiting, as a rule, relieves acute

attacks by expelling the irritant from the bowels. When it takes a

chronic form, the hogs become stunted.

TREATMENT: Endeavor to find out the cause and remove it. If constipated,

give Calomel, fifteen to twenty grains, or, if diarrhoea appears, give

hog regulator and tonic as prescribed on first page of this chapter.

Feed with hot wheat bran mashes. This will expel all worms and aid

digestion.

JAUNDICE

(Yellows)

CAUSE: Liver flukes, intestinal worms, gall stones, lack of exercise,

overfeeding, or a stoppage of the bile duct.

SYMPTOMS: The white portions of the eyes take on a yellow color, as do

the membranes of the mouth, back arched, hair looks rough, vomiting,

temperature elevated, constipation, although diarrhoea is sometimes

noticed. The urine is passed frequently, and is of a dark amber color.

TREATMENT: This disease requires careful feeding and plenty of exercise.

Give Calomel, ten to twenty grains, then follow with large doses of

regulator and tonic as prescribed on first page of this chapter. It is

important in this disease, especially if due to worms. Feed clean swill

and vegetables. Give hogs all the pure water they will drink.

KIDNEY CONGESTION

CAUSE: Hogs are subject to various injuries about the kidneys, due to a

large number of hogs piling up, exposure to cold, wet rains, etc.

SYMPTOMS: Small quantities of dark colored urine are passed frequently,

appetite poor, no energy to move about. Hogs lie around a great deal; at

times they may be paralyzed and drag their hind quarters.

TREATMENT: Apply cloths or blankets wrung out of hot water over the

loin; also give Potassium Acetate in twenty grain doses four or five

times a day in drinking water. Feed soft, sloppy food, containing

regulator and tonic as prescribed on the first page of this chapter. It

contains nerve stimulants, just what is required in paralysis.

GRAND CHAMPION DUROC BOAR.

Economy Stock Farm, Shenandoah, Iowa.

KIDNEY WORM

CAUSE: Damp, filthy surroundings seem to favor the growth of embryos of

this worm. They are taken into the digestive canal with the food and

eventually pass to the region of the kidneys, where they find conditions

favorable in which to multiply.

SYMPTOMS: May produce paralysis of the hind quarters, in which case the

animal would not exhibit such marked tenderness on being pressed over

the loins with the fingers as it would if the weakness of the hind

quarters was due to a sprain or to rheumatism of the loins. Occasionally

hogs may suffer from the presence of one or more worms in the kidneys;

but the ailment is rarely fatal, becoming so only after a long time of

suffering resulting in a degeneration of one or both kidneys. It is

almost impossible to diagnose the presence of worms in the kidneys of

hogs, except by chance through a microscopic examination of the urine.

If worms are found in the kidneys of a hog that has died or been

slaughtered for food it may then be reasonably supposed that other hogs

of the same herd not acting normal are infected with worms of the same

species.

TREATMENT: Teaspoonful doses of Turpentine in milk three times a week is

the only treatment I could recommend. Preventive measures is the only

practical method of treating a disease of this nature. Give your hogs

pure water and food. Disinfect pens occasionally and keep them clean.

LICE ON HOGS

Dip, spray or scrub your hogs with some good Coal Tar disinfectant, but

whatever remedy is used it should be applied more than once which, of

course, causes considerable work where there is a large number of hogs

infested, unless dipped, which is more quickly done. The reason for

repeated applications being necessary is that although the lice which

hogs pick up from the ground, bedding and rubbing places, may be killed

by first application, it often does not affect the nits, which remain

intact and hatch within a week or ten days. A new crop of Lice appears

on the hog from this source. Remove all manure and bedding from pens and

sheds and burn it. Disinfect floors and spray sides of shed, pens and

rubbing places with disinfectants, one part to seventy-two parts of

water, once a month and you will be handsomely repaid for your labor.

LUNG FEVER

(Inflammation of the Lungs)

CAUSE: Sudden changes, exposure to storms, piling up of hogs during cold

nights, or sleeping in manure heaps, old straw stacks, etc.

SYMPTOMS: Pig or hog is taken with shivering spells, is stupid, his back

is arched, loss of appetite, temperature elevated two to four degrees

above normal, short hurried breathing, generally accompanied with cough,

which is deep and hoarse. As a rule the hog is constipated.

TREATMENT: Place in good, clean, warm, well ventilated quarters, free

from drafts. Keep water before them at all times, adding Saltpeter, one

teaspoonful to every gallon of water. If constipated, do not give

physics; give injections of soap and warm water; also administer about

one-half teaspoonful of Pine Tar on the tongue with a wooden paddle.

This adheres to the tongue and gradually dissolves and gives excellent

results, as it is very soothing to the organs of breathing. During the

convalescent stage, give hog regulator and tonic as prescribed on first

page of this chapter.

LUNG WORMS

CAUSE: By threadlike worms varying in length from one-half to one and

one-half inches and of a brownish-white color. They are found in the

windpipe and tubes leading into the lungs. The adult worms in the lungs

produce large quantities of eggs, which are coughed up with mucus and

become scattered over premises where other hogs are permitted to walk.

The hogs inhale the dust containing the eggs into their lungs, where the

eggs find moisture sufficient for their development.

SYMPTOMS: Severe coughing spells. Large quantities of mucus will escape

from the nose and mouth. The hog becomes stunted, although he may eat

fairly well, but if not relieved, the worms collect in the Bronchi and

produce sudden death due to suffocation. The worms may set up an

inflammation of the lining membranes of the lungs, which is sometimes

taken for Swine Plague, or Cholera. This disease is not uncommon,

especially in old, filthy, poorly drained hog houses and pastures.

TREATMENT: Confine the affected hogs to a shed; close the windows and

doors and any large cracks, then compel the hogs to inhale steam from

the following mixture: Turpentine, eight ounces; Pine Tar, one pint;

Water, two gallons. Place in tin receptacle in center of the shed and

heat the above solution by adding hot bricks or stones to the mixture

occasionally. Compel them to inhale this steam for at least thirty

minutes twice a day. Feed wholesome food to which add hog tonic as

prescribed on first page of this chapter. A strong, vigorous hog may

have worms, but it retains its vitality so long as it is well fed.

MANGE

CAUSE: By the Sarcoptes Scabei. This parasite burrows under the outer

surface of the skin.

SYMPTOMS: The parasite usually manifests itself on the skin under the

armpits, thighs and inside of the fore legs. At first small red blotches

or pimples appear, and these gradually spread as the parasites multiply

and burrow under the skin.

TREATMENT: There is no other way of curing this disease, or of

preventing it, than by killing the parasites and their eggs; not only on

the pigs themselves, but also on the sides of the pens, sheds,

rubbing-posts, or anything that an affected hog rubs against.

When treating this disease, the real aim must be to kill the parasite by

the prompt and continuous use of external remedies, such as washing or

dipping, which is better done with some good disinfectant, one part to

seventy parts water. Repeat this every ten days until cured. Two

dippings are generally sufficient. It is well to feed cooling foods,

such as clean slops and vegetables, containing regulator and tonic as

prescribed on first page of this chapter.

NAVEL RUPTURE

(Navel or Umbilical)

CAUSE: Injuries. Pigs crowding through narrow doorways or openings in

fences, small pigs sleeping with large pigs, and allowed to pile up, or

being thrown about feed troughs when feeding. Weakness and constipation

also predisposes them to Navel or Umbilical Rupture.

SYMPTOMS: A soft, puffy swelling about the navel or umbilicus, varying

in size from a hazelnut to that of an ostrich egg. When a pig is placed

on its back the intestines will gravitate into the abdominal cavity,

providing the intestines have not adhered to the walls of the rupture.

TREATMENT: This is more difficult than the Scrotal or Inguinal Rupture

operation, as often times the intestines will adhere to the inner

surface of the rupture and, unless the operation is carefully performed,

there is great danger. Great care must be exercised in preparing the pig

by fasting it for twenty-four hours. After this is accomplished, prepare

an antiseptic solution, Carbolic Acid, five per cent, or Bichloride of

Mercury, one in one-thousandths; also have a needle and absorbent silk

or cat-gut ready. Place the pig on its back, with its head downward.

Now, wash the seat of operation with either antiseptic solution. Then

make an incision through the skin carefully; as stated before,

intestines sometimes adhere to the inner surface of the rupture. If such

is the case, wash the hands in the antiseptic solution and with the

fingers carefully break the adhesions or separate the intestines from

their adhesions. After this is accomplished, sew the inner lining of the

abdominal cavity with absorbent silk or cat-gut. Then sew the outer skin

with cotton or linen cord and your operation is complete. Feed the hog

sparingly for a few days following the operation on easily digested,

laxative foods.

NETTLE RASH

(Urticaria)

CAUSE: Irritations of the skin produced by sprinkling hogs with

irritating solutions and powders, or from irritating dips when treating

for lice, etc. Feeding highly nitrogenous food predisposes hogs to this

disease; also filth, poorly drained sheds and pens; is especially common

in young pigs. Nettle Rash is not contagious, but what produces it in

one hog may produce it in several at the same time.

SYMPTOMS: Red, swollen blotches appear on the skin very suddenly,

especially about the ears and the inside of the thighs, perhaps due to

the skin being thin and deprived of hair. The hog rubs it on account of

the intense itching, and he will not thrive when in this condition. In

most cases there is a fluid oozing from the blotches, causing dirt and

filth to adhere to the hair. However, if the disease is properly

treated, a recovery is sure to follow in about two weeks.

TREATMENT: Prevention against this disease is most important, and it

consists in keeping shoats and pigs in clean, well ventilated sheds and

pens. Do not sprinkle them with irritating solutions or powders, or

irritating dips, but when the disease once shows itself give each pig or

hog affected a dose of Epsom Salts, one ounce to every twenty-five

pounds of hog weight, in feed, swill or drinking water. If the weather

is hot, keep them in a clean, cool place, also purify their blood by

feeding regulator and tonic as prescribed on first page of this chapter.

Apply some good Coal Tar disinfectant, one part to one hundred parts of

water. This is non-irritating, and will destroy hog lice, and will heal

the pustules of nettle rash. Apply twice ten days apart. It also must be

borne in mind that pens and sleeping quarters must be disinfected; the

old bedding and manure burned and replaced with good, clean straw or

hay. Feed easily digested food, slops, etc.

CHAMPION POLAND CHINA BOAR KING HADLEY 57722.

Owned by W. J. Baker, Rich Hill, Mo.

PARALYSIS OF THE HIND QUARTERS

CAUSE: There are a great many things that may produce paralysis of the

hind quarters. For instance, shipping hogs in crates; fractions of thigh

bones; Rickets, due to feeding food that is deficient in mineral matter;

hogs piling up; kicks or injuries to the back; frequently seen in sows

nursing a litter of pigs and in a run-down condition. Constipation and

indigestion also produce paralysis of the hind quarters. Some think it

is caused by worms in the kidneys; this is not always the case. It is

true that the presence of a parasite around the kidneys may cause

irritation of the nerves of the spinal column and result in paralysis.

Yet, it is more often the result of weakness and loss of nervous power

of the hind parts.

SYMPTOMS: Regardless of the cause, the symptoms in either case, for they

cannot be distinguished, are weakness of the back, wriggling of the hind

parts, and finally the hogs sit down on their haunches. After some

effort, they get up and run in a straight line quite fast, but swing to

one side for a while and then go over to the other side, and finally get

down so that they cannot rise, but drag themselves about. The appetite

is good until a day or two before they die.

TREATMENT: Place the hog in clean, comfortable quarters, with plenty of

fresh water to drink. Give sour milk, fruit or vegetables, containing

regulator and tonic as prescribed on first page of this chapter. It

contains nerve stimulants and blood purifiers. If the hog is

constipated, add two to four ounces of Epsom Salts to its feed.

Treatment of all such cases requires perseverance, recovery being slow

and not always certain.

PILES

(Prolapse of the Anus)

CAUSE: Although the pig may look well, he has a weakness of the circular

fibres of the intestines, due to irritating foods that either constipate

or produce diarrhoea.

SYMPTOMS: Very plain. A protrusion of the rectum all the way from two to

four inches. The pig irritates the protrusion by rubbing it against the

sides of pens, etc.; it cracks, bleeds and in warm weather will become

fly-blown and maggots accumulate in large quantities.

TREATMENT: In the first stages of this disease, wash the protruded parts

with an antiseptic solution of Carbolic Acid, one teaspoonful to a pint

of water. Give rectal injections of Soap and Warm Water or Sweet Oil,

give about two ounces of Castor Oil internally and feed soft, sloppy

food. In chronic cases of long standing, remove the exposed portion of

the intestine after washing nicely with the antiseptic solution. Remove

the protrusion with a sharp knife and stitch the cut end of intestine

edges to the anus. Feed easily digested food, such as wheat bran, mixed

with flaxseed meal on which boiling hot water has been poured, cooling

before feeding. Also give regulator and tonic as prescribed on first

page of this chapter.

PIN WORMS

CAUSE: Hogs consume the eggs that encapsule well matured embryonic worms

with their food or drinking water. These worms multiply very rapidly in

the small intestines and are from one-half to one inch in length.

SYMPTOMS: No signs are noticed unless the worms are very abundant, as

they are small and difficult to see with the naked eye. The principal

point of attack is in the back part of the small intestines, where

considerable inflammation is set up, especially when there are other

worms, such as the Roundworm, present.

TREATMENT: Is of little value, as the worms in the intestines are very

difficult to get at, but as their presence causes very little

disturbance, it is hardly worth while treating; however, preventive

measures should be applied by disinfecting, burning manure and bedding.

The following has proven a very effective treatment for Pinworms:

Powdered Quassia, one pound; Sulphur, two pounds; Glauber Salts, one

pound; Powdered Tobacco, one-half pound; Sulphide of Antimony, one

pound; Hyposulphite of Soda, two pounds; Beechwood Charcoal, one pound;

Common Salt, two pounds.

The above must be well powdered and thoroughly mixed. Give one heaping

teaspoonful to everyone hundred pounds of hog weight.  To small pigs,

give doses in proportion to weight. Place it in their feed or slop twice

a day. In addition to being a vermifuge, it is an alterative and tonic

that should be given pigs and hogs which do not thrive properly. Best

results are obtained in treatment of Pinworm when the principal food

consists of vegetables, mashes and slops.

PLEURISY

CAUSE: Exposure to cold, damp, chilly weather, especially to drafts, or

by a large number of hogs being allowed to pile up during cold nights,

etc.

SYMPTOMS: Chilling, temperature elevated two or three degrees above

normal; breathing fast. The hog will show great pain when pressed over

the lungs by flinching, squealing or grunting; coughing suppressed, ribs

rigid; breathing mostly with the muscles of the flanks; appetite poor

and eventually there will be fluids accumulate in the lung cavities. At

this stage, the breathing is labored and difficult. If the ear is

pressed over the lungs, the fluids can be heard, and in the first stage

the sound will be similar to that of rubbing hair between the finger and

thumb.

TREATMENT: Remove the cause. The treatment is satisfactory if applied in

due time. Place in clean, comfortable shed, seeing that it is well

ventilated, omit drafts; apply equal parts of Aqua Ammonia Fort.,

Turpentine and Sweet Oil over the lungs and give two or four ounces of

Castor Oil in milk. Feed easily digested food, such as hot wheat bran

mashes, containing hog regulator and tonic as prescribed on first page

of this chapter. It is also well to feed vegetables.

RHEUMATISM

CAUSE: Exposure, as in cold, damp houses. Overfeeding also has a

tendency to cause swellings of the joints and muscles.

SYMPTOMS: Lameness of one or more limbs, swelling of the joints about

the legs and feet. The hog does not care to move, refusing its feed in

most cases; temperature slightly elevated; breathing quick and short; he

will drink water frequently if offered.

TREATMENT: I am of opinion that Rheumatism in hogs would be a very rare

disease if they were properly provided with clean, dry quarters, with a

liberal quantity of bedding. Do not allow hogs to pile up, as it is very

injurious to them.

MEDICAL TREATMENT: Consists of feeding sloppy food to which add one-half

dram of Sodium Salicylate two or three times a day in their feed.

Vegetables and green grass are very beneficial in this disease, as they

have a cooling effect on the blood. The hog tonic and regulator

recommended on first page of this chapter is very beneficial when given

with food of a sloppy nature.

RICKETS

CAUSE: Food deficient in mineral matter or lime; filth, lack of

exercise, and crowded quarters, all tend to produce a softening of the

bones and swelling of the joints.

SYMPTOMS: The pigs affected generally appear in good condition and seem

to be doing well, but suddenly they become paralyzed in the hind

quarters, owing to the weakened condition of the bones, which sometimes

fracture without receiving injury or any additional weight to that of

the pig itself. The bones of the snout, back, limbs and feet bend and

become deformed. The pigs grow weak, poor and stunted and perhaps the

best treatment is to destroy them.

PREVENTIVE TREATMENT: Careful feeding of good, wholesome food. This

disease is very seldom seen where hogs are frequently fed corn.

MEDICAL TREATMENT: When the first signs of Rickets appear, feed

regulator and tonic as prescribed on first page of this chapter. It

contains the mineral matter needed by the hog.

ROUND WORMS

CAUSE: Is undoubtedly due to filth or hogs eating food or drinking water

contaminated with well developed eggs or embryos of roundworms, thus

taking them into their digestive canal, where they multiply rapidly and

set up considerable irritation. This worm varies in length from three to

thirteen inches, and is of a reddish-brown color.

SYMPTOMS: The Roundworm is generally passed with the feces, and can be

readily seen with the naked eye. A hog infested with a large number of

these worms is generally restless, appetite varied. When these worms

develop in large numbers, they obstruct the intestines. In other cases

they irritate and inflame the intestines causing inflammation and

diarrhoea, and death may be due to either obstruction or inflammation of

the bowels.

TREATMENT: Treatment is very satisfactory. Withhold all food from

eighteen to twenty-four hours. Then place in one pint of finely ground

feed, Calomel and Santonin, each five grains to every one hundred pounds

of hog weight. For instance, if the hog affected with round worms weighs

two hundred pounds, double the dose by giving ten grains of each of the

above, but if the hog only weighs fifty pounds, give one-half the dose

mentioned, or two and one-half grains of each. This treatment should be

repeated in a week or ten days to assure the expulsion of worms that

might have survived the first dose. Feed sparingly on laxative food, as

bran mashes and vegetables, for a few days following each treatment.

RUPTURE

(Scrotal or Inguinal)

DEFINITION: In the male the intestines pass through the wide Inguinal

Canal, through which the cord of the testicle passes. It is not

difficult to recognize this form of rupture, as the scrotum that

normally retains only the testicles is usually enlarged by the bowels

entering it. Sometimes the scrotum almost reaches the ground, and in

this case, both sides of the scrotum, or the sack which contains the

testicles, also contains intestines. If the pig is held up by the hind

parts, the intestines will gravitate back into the abdominal cavity, but

as soon as a pig lies down or stands they again return into the scrotum.

The testicles can be located at the bottom of the enlargement.

CAUSE: Hereditary tendencies predisposes them to rupture; pigs having

large Inguinal Canals through which the testicle passes; by pigs being

crowded, injured, squeezed at troughs, or passing through narrow

doorways. Weakness and severe straining from constipation also produce

rupture.

SYMPTOMS: An enlargement of the sack containing the testicles. Sometimes

there may be a strangulation of the intestines where they fold or twist.

They become inflamed and produce death. The pig dies in great pain, but

fortunately, strangulated ruptures in pigs are very rare, as the scrotum

and canal which the intestines occupy relax and become very roomy.

TREATMENT: Operation is the only method of relieving or curing Inguinal

or Scrotal Rupture. My advice is to operate as soon as possible. When

the pigs are small, there is less danger. The pig to be operated on

should be fasted for at least twenty-four hours, as it is easier on both

the operator and pig when the intestines are empty, or nearly so.

The operation which I have found to be very successful is as follows:

Have an assistant hold the pig up by its hind legs. Prepare an

antiseptic solution of Carbolic Acid five per cent, or Bichloride of

Mercury, one in one-thousandths, in a pan. Have a needle threaded with a

medium sized absorbent silk or cat-gut suture. Prepare a clean, sharp

knife; wash the seat of operation with either antiseptic solution. Now,

proceed to locate the testicle by having the hind parts elevated. The

intestines must be pressed back into the abdominal cavity. The testicle

will remain in the sack or scrotum; now grasp the testicle between the

fingers and make the incision through the scrotum and to the lower

portion. It may be necessary to insert two fingers to withdraw the

testicle. When the testicle is located, withdraw it. Before cutting it

off it is well to run a needle containing a thread through the last

covering of the testicle so as to prevent the membrane from returning.

After this is securely done, remove the testicle and sew the inner

membranes that envelop the rupture and testicle with what is called a

"tobacco pouch suture." Draw it together firmly and tie and cut off

suture about one-half inch from the knot. Your operation is now

complete. Do not sew the outer incision in the scrotum, as it would have

a tendency to accumulate dirt and hold pus. It should have a free

drainage. Wash with one of the above mentioned antiseptics twice daily

until thoroughly healed. Also feed laxative foods that are easily

digested.

SORE FEET

CAUSE: Filth; especially common in large hogs when confined to hard

floors or driven over rough, hard roads, or continually kept in filthy

pens. The tissues of the feet become softened, especially those between

the claws. Irritation is set up by germs entering the abrasions.

SYMPTOMS: The hogs will be noticed going very lame and if closely

examined the above named conditions will be found.

TREATMENT: Remove the hogs to clean, dry pens containing plenty of clean

bedding, and wash the affected parts with some good disinfectant, as

five per cent solution of Carbolic Acid. Repeat this treatment at least

once a day. In case the feet are badly inflamed, I would advise the

application of hot Flaxseed Meal poultices to the feet. Feed easily

digested food, as it aids materially in the treatment of infectious

wounds.

CHAMPION BERKSHIRE BOAR LONGFELLOW'S SUCCESSOR.

Hood Farm, Lowell, Mass.

SORE MOUTH

CAUSE: Decomposed foods. Also slops or stagnant water, washing powders,

broken glassware, etc., from the tables, fed in slops, barley or wheat

beards, etc.

SYMPTOMS: Difficulty in eating, or refusal to eat at all. Stringy

secretions of saliva continually oozing from the mouth. The mouth gives

off very offensive odor.

TREATMENT: In this form of sore mouth, remove the cause. Feed soft,

wholesome food, such as wheat bran mashes and vegetables. In cases where

it is due to the lodging of beards of wheat or barley, gag the hog's

mouth with a piece of wood and remove the beards with forceps. Keep

clean, cool water before them at all times and avoid feeding dry, hard

food.

SOWS EATING THEIR YOUNG

CAUSE: Insufficient lime or mineral matter fed prior to farrowing;

constipation is also a fruitful cause.

PREVENTION: Careful feeding for a few days prior to farrowing of slops,

free from soap or washing powders; cool food, such as wheat bran mashes,

with hog tonic and regulator as prescribed on the first page of this

chapter. This is loosening to the bowels and also contains mineral

matter and blood purifiers which are very valuable in the above

mentioned condition.

SUN OR HEAT STROKE

CAUSE: Hogs that are very fat, and driven, hauled or shipped to market

when the weather is warm, are frequently stricken with heat or

sun-stroke. Sometimes when hogs are overcrowded and not protected from

the rays of the sun, or from heat, they may become victims of heat or

sunstroke.

SYMPTOMS: First they stagger when walking, then they become very weak

and temperature elevates three or four degrees higher than normal.

Prostration or extreme depression, or sometimes involuntary spasms or

contractions of muscles occur.

TREATMENT: Prevention. Do not drive, haul or ship during the hottest

part of the day, hogs that are not accustomed to exercise or extreme

heat. Do not crowd hogs in small pens or sheds during the hot months, as

their bodies give off considerable heat in addition to that of the sun.

See that they are protected from the sun. When hauling or shipping hogs,

wet them occasionally with water. It prevents heat stroke. In case a hog

is suffering from heat or sun-stroke, place it in a cool, shady place

and apply ice or cold water to the head only. Also give Saltpeter in

teaspoonful doses every six hours diluted in one ounce of water. Also

give Alcohol, one teaspoonful, every three hours in one ounce of water.

Good recovery is often obtained from the above treatment.

THORN-HEADED WORMS

CAUSE: A white grub that is found in old manure heaps, straw stacks and

hog lots carries eggs containing embryos of the Thorn-headed Worm. The

white grub is eaten by the hog. The larvae of the Thorn-headed Worm is

liberated by the process of digestion and becomes a parasite in the

intestines of the hogs, where it develops into a fully matured worm.

Large numbers of hogs quickly become infested with this parasite, as

they multiply very rapidly. These worms vary from two to twelve inches

in length, and have a whitish color.

SYMPTOMS: As a general rule, a worm can be seen in the feces. Other

signs are that the hog loses flesh, appetite irregular, constipation,

and then again there may be diarrhoea, especially where there are large

numbers of worms present.

TREATMENT: First of all, burn all manure or decomposed vegetation that

the hogs are liable to come in contact with. Withhold all food from

eighteen to twenty-four hours and give one teaspoonful of Oil of

Turpentine to everyone hundred pounds of hog weight, or if the hog

weighs less than one hundred pounds, doses should be given in

proportion. Follow this treatment for three or four consecutive days.

Turpentine is easily given to hogs, as they will drink it in milk when

well mixed. Perhaps it is advisable, where a large number of hogs are

affected, to divide them into pens of five or ten hogs, as they are thus

less likely to get an overdose. Feed laxative food. Clean and disinfect

troughs and feeding floors. Also give prescription on first page of this

chapter.

THUMPS

CAUSE: Disorders of the digestive system from overloading the stomach

and causing irritation of the nerves leading to the diaphragm, which is

the membrane that separates the lungs and heart from the intestines,

stomach, liver and spleen. It is a spasm of this membrane that causes a

hog or pig to have "Thumps." Insufficient exercise; a large number of

pigs may become affected at the same time when closely confined.

SYMPTOMS: Jerking of the flanks; the pig or hog becomes very weak and

stunted in a very short time.

TREATMENT: Remove the cause. In pigs, when first affected, careful

feeding and exercise will generally effect a cure. In some cases, where

the pigs are very small, it is well to take them away from the mother,

permitting them to nurse very little. Give them Castor Oil in

teaspoonful doses, and compel them to exercise. It may be necessary to

give them Chloral Hydrate ten to fifteen grains two or three times a day

diluted in a teaspoonful of water. Where the pigs will not eat mashes or

drink milk, give them medicine by force with a teaspoon.

AFTER TREATMENT: Give hog regulator and tonic as prescribed on first

page of this chapter.

WHIP WORM

This worm is very uncommon, but occasionally is found in the large

intestines.

CAUSE: The eggs become imbedded in the manure, bedding, etc., and then

mix with the feed and drinking water and are taken into the digestive

canal where they develop into matured worms. This worm is from one to

three inches in length, the hind extremity of which is very thin, hence

the name, "Whipworm."

SYMPTOMS: They produce very little disturbance, even though present in

large quantities, except when other worms assist in their irritating the

lining membranes of the large intestines.

MEDICAL TREATMENT: Withhold all food from eighteen to twenty-four hours,

then give one teaspoonful of Gasolene thoroughly mixed with milk, to

everyone hundred pounds of hog weight. Small hogs, reduce the dose in

proportion to their weight. It is advisable to follow this dose for two

or three consecutive days. Feed food that is easily digested, and see

that they have fresh water to drink.

DISEASES OF SHEEP AND GOATS

Causes, Symptoms and Treatments

1. Mouth

2. Nostrils

3. Eyes

4. Forehead

5. Poll

6. Ears

7. Neck or Scrag

8. Throat or Throttle

9. Brisket or Breast

10. Shoulder vein

11. Shoulder

12. Legs

13. Fore flank

14. Heart girth

15. Crops

16. Back

17. Loin

18. Rump

19. Coupling

20. Ribs

21. Belly

22. Sheath

23. Scrotum

24. Rear flanks

25. Leg of Mutton

26. Twist

27. Tail or Dock

28. Rump

CHAPTER IV

ABORTION

CAUSE: Is usually produced by injuries, or by the ewes being poisoned

from eating poisonous foods, plants, etc. It has never occurred in

infectious form in this country, although sometimes an outbreak is

thought infectious on account of several ewes aborting about the same

time, but all such outbreaks have been traced to some irritating poison

which they had taken with their food or drinking water.

PREVENTIVE TREATMENT: Remove the aborted lambs or kids and afterbirth

from the yards, and also withdraw the ewe or nanny and place her in

comfortable quarters. She requires care and extra nursing, or she will

become very poor and lose a large portion of her fleece.

MEDICAL TREATMENT: If due to poisonous plants, etc., when the first

symptoms of Abortion or poisoning are noticed, give six to ten ounces of

Castor Oil. Warm the oil so it will run freely. Set the sheep or goat

upon its haunches and pour very slowly. Great care must be exercised so

as not to let any of the oil enter the lungs, as it may produce fatal

pneumonia. Feed food that is easily digested and supply them with pure

water to drink. When the general condition is weak or run down, so to

speak, the following tonic is recommended: Pulv. Gentian Root, one

ounce; Pulv. Nux Vomica, one ounce; Pulv. Potassium Nitrate, one ounce;

Hyposulphite of Soda, three ounces; Protan, three ounces. Mix and make

into twenty-four powders. Give one powder two or three times daily well

back on the tongue.

REMEMBER all tonics are bitter, therefore beware of any so-called tonics

that the animals eat readily as these possess no real tonic values.

BLACK SCOURS

(Verminous Gastritis--Strongylosis)

CAUSE: Due to a worm (Strongylus Contortus) measuring one-fourth to one

inch in length, inhabiting the intestines and the fourth stomach of

sheep and goats. This disease is frequently seen in low, marshy

pastures, where animals infested with the worm pass the ova or egg with

the feces, the eggs developing into an embryotic worm which is again

taken with the food or water by non-infected animals, whereby this

disease again attacks the intestines and fully matured worms develop.

SYMPTOMS: Naturally, the symptoms vary according to the violence of the

attack. In well developed cases, the animal strains to defecate, and

passes shreds of intestinal mucous along with blood-stained feces.

Finally a severe dysentery takes place, the animal becomes

correspondingly weak, and death takes place in two or three days. Some

cases become chronic, in which death does not take place for a month or

more. However, the latter is uncommon. Other signs are staggering gait,

trembling, eyes fixed, showing wild expression, neck turned to one side.

Then the animal appears as if in pain, and looks around at the flank

frequently. There is a chopping of the jaws, and a very free flow of

stringy saliva dropping from the mouth. When an animal dies from the

symptoms just described, it should be cut open and carefully examined

for this particular parasite, which can be easily seen with the naked

eye.

TREATMENT: Very successfully treated when the first symptoms appear by

administering one ounce of Gasolene with a pint of Milk. To lambs or

kids give half the dose. Every precaution should be taken so as to

prevent the drench from entering the lungs. Perhaps the best method is

to set the animal on its haunches and pour the liquid slowly and

carefully; if they cough, let them down. Any drench entering the lungs

produces fatal pneumonia. Feed good nourishing food, and supply them

with fresh water to drink.

CATARRH

(Cold in the Head)

CAUSE: Atmospheric changes, sudden exposure to cold, wet weather after

being accustomed to warm, comfortable surroundings, inhaling dust, smoke

and gases or, in fact, anything that will produce an irritation to the

membranes lining the nose; commonly seen in the spring and fall.

SYMPTOMS: Chilling, elevation of temperature, nose dry, breathing

hurried, sneezing, coughing, dullness, appetite varied. In the first

stages of the malady, the nostrils are considerably inflamed, but in the

course of a few days the temperature subsides and a yellowish-white

discharge flows from the nose continuously.

TREATMENT: Keep the affected animals dry, omit drafts, feed good,

wholesome food, and provide bedding for them to lie upon. In the first

stages of this malady, it is advisable to confine the animals in a barn,

closing the windows and doors and compelling them to inhale steam from

boiling hot water and Pine Tar. The best method to accomplish this is by

placing a tub about half full of water in the center of the barn and add

about one gallon of Pine Tar. Then heat bricks or stones and place them

into the tub. In this way a large number can be treated at one time. The

sheep should be compelled to inhale this steam for thirty to forty

minutes twice a day. In addition to the above, the following is very

beneficial: Chlorate of Potash, one ounce; Nitrate of Potassi, two

ounces. Make into sixteen powders and give one powder to each sheep in

its drinking water two or three times daily. Feed hot bran mashes and

vegetables if possible.

DIARRHOEA

(Dysentery)

CAUSE: Diarrhoea, or Dysentery, is a sign of some irritation of the

intestines resulting in increased secretions, or increased muscular

contraction, or both. The irritation is sometimes the result of chilling

from exposure, improper feeding, as contaminated or frozen foods,

irritating foods, drinking cold or stagnant water, indigestion, organic

diseases of the intestines, or parasitic diseases. (See Strongylosis.)

SYMPTOMS: Movements from the bowels are frequent, at first consisting of

thin fecal matter, but as this malady progresses it becomes watery and

offensive in smell, and streaked with blood. At first the animal shows

no constitutional disturbances, but eventually it becomes weak and shows

signs of abdominal pain by looking around to the flank, throwing the

feet together, lying down, or moving restlessly. Sometimes this disease

is accompanied by fever, great depression, loss of strength, rapid loss

of flesh; terminating in death.

TREATMENT: Determine the cause and remove it if possible. When the

disease is due to irritating properties of food which have been fed the

animal, it is well to give a physic of Castor Oil in two to six ounce

doses, according to the size of the animal. When there is debility, want

of appetite, and temperature normal, but continuous water discharge from

the bowels, give Protan, two ounces; Gum Catechu, one ounce; Pulv.

Ginger, one ounce; Zinc Sulphocarbolates, eight grains. Make into

sixteen powders and give one powder on the tongue every three or four

hours, according to the severity of the attack. Feed food that is easily

digested, as wheat bran mashes, steamed rolled oats, etc. See that the

drinking water is fresh and clean.

FOOT ROT

(Foul in the Foot)

CAUSE: Foot Rot is produced by inflammation of the soft structures of

the foot between the claws or toes. It may be due to an overgrowth and

inward pressure, etc., or from filth accumulating and hardening between

the claws, producing inflammation and softening or ulceration of the

skin in the interdigital space (between the claws). Under some

conditions several sheep or goats in the same drove become affected at

the same time, leading many to think that the disease is contagious.

When Foot Rot appears in a very short time, among sheep or goats, this

condition can almost always be traced to filth, irritation, etc.

SYMPTOMS: The animal is observed to limp when walking. On careful

examination of the foot we find it hot, swollen above the claws and in

the soft parts between them, frequently spreading the claws apart to a

considerable extent, or the inflammation may have advanced to softening

and sloughing of the soft structure between the claws. If this condition

is neglected at this stage, deep abscesses form and the pus burrows

under the horny wall, and the joints within the hoof become inflamed and

destroyed, in which case the treatment is difficult and recovery will be

very arduous.

TREATMENT: In the early stages of the disease, before the pus burrows

beneath the horny structures of the foot, any foreign substances

impacted between the claws should be removed. Then place a trough about

one foot wide, six to eight inches high, and twelve to sixteen feet

long, and fill with water and Coal Tar Dip, diluted in proportions of

one part dip to fifty parts of water. Build a fence on each side of the

trough, just wide enough for one sheep to pass through, and compel every

sheep to walk through the solution slowly.

This treatment should be repeated once or twice a week until the

lameness has disappeared. In cases where deep sloughing has taken place

under the horny structures, saturate a piece of oakum or cotton in the

following liniment: Oil of Origanum, Oil of Pisis, Oil of Turpentine,

each four ounces. Place it between the claws and hold it there by means

of a bandage. Repeat this application every other day. The animals that

do not show signs of improvement under this treatment in a few days

invariably have the joints of the foot affected and should not be

driven.

DELAINE MERINO RAM AND EWES.

FORAGE POISONING

CAUSE: This condition is produced by animals eating various foliage

(Grass or Shrubbery) at a time when the peculiar poisonous principles

are developed in it, as appears to happen in certain seasons. The

disease is liable to affect a large proportion of animals which are

under the same grazing conditions.

SYMPTOMS: Generally takes two or three days to develop. The animal

gradually becomes more or less unconscious and paralyzed, staggers when

forced to walk, and it may have great difficulty in keeping on its feet,

it is extremely averse to going down, and leans for support against any

convenient object. It breathes in a snorting manner. The mucous

membranes are tinged with yellow, and the bowels constipated. In other

cases severe diarrhoea follows, and the animal becomes very weak and

dies in convulsions or spasms. Recovery may be expected in cases that

are not marked by severe symptoms.

TREATMENT: Endeavor to find out the true cause and remove it if

possible. Change range or pasture for a short time; this has

successfully eradicated this malady. The animal showing the above

symptoms should receive four to eight ounces of Castor Oil regardless of

whether there is diarrhoea or constipation. In either case the

irritation will be relieved by its laxative effect. In cases where

diarrhoea becomes chronic, after administering the Castor Oil, the

following will be found very efficient in its control: Protan, three

ounces; Ginger, one ounce; Gum Catechu, two ounces. Make into sixteen

powders and place one powder well back on the tongue every four or six

hours. Feed clean, wholesome food and supply clean, fresh water to

drink. Provide shelter for the animal if the weather is hot.

GARGET

(Congestion and Inflammation of the Udder)

CAUSE: As a rule, in Garget or Congestion of the Udder in heavy milking

ewes, just before and after lambing, the glands of the udder enlarge,

become hot, tense and tender and a slight pasty swelling extends forward

from the glands on the lower surface of the abdomen. This physiological

condition is looked upon as a matter of course and disposed of in two or

three days when the secretions of milk have been fully established.

General breaking up of the udder may be greatly hastened by the sucking

of a hungry lamb and the kneading it gives the udder with its nose is

beneficial. The above mentioned congestion or Garget may emerge into

active inflammation resulting from continued exposure to cold weather,

standing in cold drafts or injury to the udder from stone, clubs, feet

of other animals, overfeeding or rich food, like cotton seed or soy

bean, sore teats or a ewe losing her lamb in the period of full milking;

serious disturbances of the animal's health is liable to fall upon the

udder.

SYMPTOMS: The symptoms and mode of attack vary in different cases.

Following exposure to cold drafts or cold, wet weather, there is usually

severe chilling with cold ears and limbs and general dryness and

brittleness of the wool. This is followed by a flush of heat, the ears

and limbs become unnaturally warm and the glands swell up and become

firm and solid in one or both sides of the udder. The muzzle is hot and

dry, temperature elevated two or three degrees above normal, pulse firm

and quick, excited breathing, appetite and rumination suspended, bowels

constipated, urine scanty and the yield of milk may be entirely

suppressed in the affected side.

TREATMENT: Determine the cause and remove it if possible. Move the

affected animal to comfortable quarters, supply liberal quantifies of

bedding for the animal to lie upon. Give two to six ounces of Glauber

Salts dissolved in a pint of hot water. Permit it to cool. Place the ewe

on her haunches and drench carefully. Feed laxative foods as hot bran

mashes, steamed rolled oats and vegetables, supplying the animal with

pure water to drink, to which add two drams of Hyposulphite of Soda, two

or three times a day. In some cases it is advisable to apply Camphorated

Ointment to the udder once or twice a day.

GID

(Sturdy)

CAUSE: Gid is produced by a bladder worm, a larva or an egg of the

tapeworm infesting the intestines of dogs, wolves and coyotes. The eggs

of these tapeworms are scattered over the range or pastures in the

droppings of infested dogs, wolves or coyotes, and these when swallowed

in the food or water by the sheep, hatch out and the embryos migrate to

the brain, spinal cord, etc., where they develop into cysts, bladder

worms or water bags, etc. When the organs of sheep, thus infested, are

eaten by dogs, wolves or coyotes, the cyst worms are also likely to be

swallowed and then develop into mature tapeworms.

SYMPTOMS: In case a large number of embryos become lodged in the brain

of sheep, the first signs will be shown in about eight to twelve days.

Bladder worms produce a congestion of the brain which causes dullness,

dizziness, indicating an affection of the brain, walking or turning in

circles. If the left side of the brain is affected they will turn to the

left; if the right side is affected, they will turn to the right. The

head eventually droops, the eyes become red and the vision is impaired,

the head very hot over the affected region, the affected sheep become

separated from the flock. Sometimes the sheep are partially or

completely paralyzed.

PREVENTION: Prevention is the only method by which this disease can be

eradicated. Prevent the sheep from becoming infected with these

parasites. Stray dogs, wolves or coyotes should be killed whenever

found, and dogs too valuable to kill should be kept free from tapeworm.

Meat should not be fed to dogs unless cooked or known to be free from

tapeworm cysts.

GRUBS IN THE HEAD

(Head Maggot)

CAUSE: Grubs in the head of sheep are produced by the Sheep Gadfly which

is yellowish-gray in color with five well divided rings around its body,

covered over with fine hair and the lower portion of the head white.

This fly is somewhat larger than the ordinary house fly. It attacks

sheep and goats during the Summer and Fall and deposits its larva about

the sheep's and goat's nostrils. This larva attaches itself to the

mucous membrane of the nostrils with two hooklets by which it gradually

works into the air cavities of the head, remaining there for about ten

months. Then it again passes from the nostrils, burrows into the ground

and becomes a fully matured Gadfly in six or eight weeks, which

completes its life cycle, the head of the sheep or goat being its

intermediate host where the newly born Gadfly again attaches its larva.

SYMPTOMS: When sheep or goats are attacked by this Gadfly, they run,

strike at the nose with their front feet, rub the nose on the ground or

against other sheep. In case only three or four larvae gain entrance to

the sinuses of the head, they produce very little, if any, ill effects,

but where they become numerous, they cause the animal to cough and

sneeze continually, discharge from the nose, which is occasionally

tinged with blood. The appetite becomes impaired, the animal shows signs

of emaciation, becomes very weak, raises the nose in the air, but

eventually becomes so weak it reels when walking and finally lies down.

It becomes so weak it cannot toss the head or rise, and dies.

PREVENTION TREATMENT: Very successful. Paint the sheep's or goat's nose

with Pine Tar, or better still, place salt in a trough, covering it with

boards, with holes bored in them just large enough for the animal to

insert its nose. Smear Pine Tar about the holes once or twice a week.

This treatment has proven very efficient in localities where sheep

Gadflies are numerous.

MEDICAL TREATMENT: After the animal once becomes infected with these

grubs, bore holes (trephine) through the skull with a sharp instrument

made for this purpose and remove the grubs. This requires considerable

amount of skill and should be attempted only by a competent

Veterinarian.

HOVEN

(Bloating--Acute Tynpanitis--Acute Indigestion)

CAUSE: Hoven is caused by various kinds of food which produce

indigestion or fermentation and resultant gases in the rumen or paunch.

When sheep are first turned into young clover, they eat so greedily of

it that bloating frequently results. Turnips, potatoes and cabbage may

also produce it. Middlings and corn meal also frequently give rise to

it. In this connection it may be stated that an excessive quantity of

any food, before mentioned, may bring on this disorder, or it may not be

due to excessive eating but to eating too fast. Sometimes the quality of

food is at fault. Grass, clover or alfalfa, when wet with dew or rain

soaked, frequently produce digestive disorders and bloating follows.

Frozen roots or potatoes covered with white frost should be regarded as

dangerous. When food has been eaten too hastily or when it is cold and

wet, the digestive process is imperfectly performed and the food

contained in the paunch ferments, during which process large quantities

of gas are formed. This same result may follow when a sheep is choking,

as the obstruction in the gullet prevents the eructation or passing of

gas from the stomach so that the gas continues to accumulate until

severe bloating results.

SYMPTOMS: The swelling of the left flank is very characteristic, as in

well marked cases the flank at its upper part rises above the level of

the backbone and when struck with the tips of the fingers emits a

drum-like sound. The animal has an anxious expression, moves uneasily

and is evidently distressed. If relief is not obtained in time the sheep

breathes with difficulty, reels in walking or standing and in a short

time falls down and dies from suffocation. The distention of the stomach

or rumen may become so great that it pushes the diaphragm (the membrane

separating the lung and intestinal cavity) forward against the lungs, so

as to squeeze and stop their movements, thus preventing the animal from

breathing and in some instances the case may be complicated by a rupture

of the stomach.

TREATMENT: Do not waste any time. Puncture about three inches downward

and forward from the point of the hip bone with a clean sharp knife, or

any instrument that is clean and sharp. A special instrument made for

this purpose, the trocar, is a very useful instrument on the farm.

Sometimes bloating becomes chronic, and if such is the case dissolve two

teaspoonfuls of Turpentine in one-half pint of milk and drench the

animal very carefully, as some of this drench may escape into the lungs

and produce fatal pneumonia. Set a sheep upon its haunches to give the

medicine; if it coughs let it down quickly to prevent strangulation.

INDIGESTION

(Dyspepsia)

CAUSE: Irritant food, damaged food, overloaded paunch or sudden change

of diet may produce this disease. Want of exercise predisposes an animal

to it and it is caused by woody or indigestible food. Food which

possesses astringent (drying) properties tends to check the digestive

secretions and may also act as an exciting cause. Food in excessive

quantity may lead to disorders of the digestion and to this disease. It

is very likely to appear towards the end of the protracted season of

draught, therefore a deficiency of water must be regarded as one of the

conditions which favors its development.

SYMPTOMS: Appetite diminished; rumination, or chewing the cud,

irregular; tongue coated, mouth slimy, feces passed apparently not well

digested and offensive in odor, dullness and fullness of the flanks.

This disease may, in some cases, assume a chronic character, for in

addition to the above mentioned symptoms, slight bloating of the left

flank may be observed. The animal breathes with great difficulty and

grunts with each respiration. The ears and legs alternately become hot

and cold. The rumination, or cud chewing, at this stage ceases and the

usual rumbling sound in the stomach is not audible. The passage of feces

is entirely suspended and the animal passes only a little mucus

occasionally. Sometimes constipation and diarrhoea alternate; there is a

rise in temperature in many cases. The disease continues for a few days

or a week in this mild form, while the severe form of the disease may

last for several weeks. In the severe form the emaciation and loss of

strength may be very great. There is no appetite, no rumination or

rumbling sound in the stomach or intestines. The mouth is hot and

sticky, the eyes have retracted in their sockets and the milk secretion

has ceased. In such cases the outlook for recovery is unfavorable. The

affected animals fall away in flesh and become very weak, which is shown

by the fact that one finds the animal lying down.

On examination of sheep or goats which have died of this disease, it is

found that the lining membranes of the fourth stomach and intestines,

particularly the small intestines, are red, swollen, streaked with deep

red or blushed lines or spotted. The lining of the third stomach is more

or less softened and may be easily pealed off. The third stomach

contains dry, hard food masses, closely adhering to its walls. In some

cases the brain appears to become affected, probably from the pain

endured and weakness and absorption of poisons generated in the

digestive canal. In such cases there is weakness and a staggering gait;

the sheep or goats do not appear to see, and will consequently run

against obstacles. After a time it falls down and gives up to a violent

disordered struggle. This delirious condition is succeeded by stupor and

death.

TREATMENT: Successful; if fed in its first stages on small quantities of

roots, sweet silage or select grasses or hay. This should be offered

several times daily. Very little food should be allowed if the animal is

constipated, in which case give two to four ounces of Glauber Salts

dissolved in a pint of hot water. When it cools, set the animal on its

haunches and pour slowly and carefully. If they strangle or cough let

them down, as some of the drench may escape into the lungs and produce

lung complications. After the Glauber Salts have acted and if there is a

lack of appetite and the animal does not chew the cud regularly, the

following tonic will be found beneficial: Pulv. Gentian Root, one ounce;

Pulv. Nux Vomica, one ounce; Pulv. Anise Seed, two ounces. Mix

thoroughly and make into thirty-two powders. Give one powder two or

three times a day well back on the tongue. The food must be rather

laxative and of a digestible character. After an attack of this form of

indigestion, ice cold water should be avoided. Food should be given in

moderate quantities, as any excess by overtaxing the digestive functions

may bring on a relapse.

CHAMPION SHROPSHIRE RAM.

Owned by McKerrow & Son, Pewaukee, Wis.

JAUNDICE

(Liver Congestion--Inflammation of the Liver)

CAUSE: Jaundice or Liver Congestion is due to constipation where there

is an inactive or torpid condition of the bowels and the bile which

passes into the intestines is absorbed and produces a yellow staining of

Jaundice. Jaundice is merely a symptom of a disease and ought to direct

attention to ascertain if possible the cause or causes which give rise

to it. Inflammation of the liver usually occurs as a complication of

infectious diseases. It may also occur as a complication of intestinal

catarrh, or in hot weather from overheating, eating decomposed or

irritating food or from drinking stagnant water.

SYMPTOMS: The signs are sometimes obscure and their real significance is

frequently overlooked. The most prominent symptoms are the yellowness of

the white of the eyes and of the mucous membranes lining the mouth,

appetite poor, body presents an emaciated appearance, the feces is light

in color, while the urine is likely to be unusually dark and there is

great thirst present. The gait is weak and the animal lies down more

than usual and while doing so frequently has its head around resting on

the side of its chest. Temperature is slightly elevated above normal and

breathing is somewhat hurried.

TREATMENT: Remove the cause if possible. Give Glauber Salts in three to

four ounce doses, diluted in a pint of hot water permitted to cool and

give at one dose. When drenching be very careful, as some of the liquid

may escape into the lungs and produce severe complications. Feed green

food or hot bran mashes and supply them with a liberal quantity of pure

water to drink.

LIVER FLUKE

CAUSE: The parasite that produces Liver Fluke in sheep has an oblong,

flat, leaf-like body, brownish in color, measuring from one-fourth to

one-half inch in length. Sheep become infected with this Liver Fluke

from grazing on low marshy pastures infected by the larvae of Liver

Fluke.

SYMPTOMS: A sheep, when first infected with Liver Fluke, generally

thrives as the parasites tend to stimulate the process of digestion,

being located as they are in the liver, but eventually rumination

becomes irregular, the sheep becomes anemic, weak and the visible mucous

membranes of the mouth, nose and eyes become pale, bloodless, taking on

a yellowish color as the disease progresses. Swellings will also appear

under the jaw along the neck and under the lung cavity. The process of

breathing becomes feeble and temperature irregular. Pregnant ewes will

generally abort and nursing ewes' milk will become so deprived of its

nourishing properties that the lambs become emaciated, although not

necessarily affected with the Liver Fluke.

PREVENTION: Move to non-infected pastures, supply the animals grazing on

low marshy pastures with a liberal amount of salt, also introduce frogs,

toads, carp, etc., into the marshy ponds, as they destroy the parasite

in its first stages of development, feeding on their intermediate host,

the snail.

MEDICAL TREATMENT: This is of little value. After an animal once becomes

infected with the parasite, it never makes a complete recovery, although

Calomel administered in ten grain doses every two or three weeks appears

to have a very good effect in some cases, if fed freely on nitrogenous

food and permitted to drink well of pure running water.

LUNG FEVER

(Pneumonia--Congestion of the Lungs--Pulmonary Apoplexy)

Acute congestion and inflammation of the spongy tissues of the lungs is

frequently seen in sheep, the same as in other animals.

CAUSE: Sheep that are over driven are subject to Lung Congestion in

acute or chronic form and sometimes Pulmonary Apoplexy, and especially

when in a plethoric condition are predisposed to inflammation of the

lungs. The exciting cause is very much the same as in different diseases

of the air passage and it is not uncommon for the inflammation to extend

from these parts of the lungs. However, there are a number of causes in

addition to those already mentioned. It frequently results when sheep

are accustomed to warm, comfortable quarters and are changed to cold,

drafty pens, or shipping some distance in open stock cars during cold

weather. In fact, any sudden chilling of the body is a common cause of

lung disorders. Giving fat sheep too much exercise when they are not

accustomed to it is a very frequent cause of Congestion and Inflammation

of the Lungs. This may occur when they are chased by dogs, etc., or when

driven to a distant market at too rapid a gait. Exercise during the hot

summer months is apt to cause congestion of the lung substance, as well

as heat stroke. Dipping sheep during cold weather may chill the body and

result in this disease.

SYMPTOMS: If due to severe exercise, the animal appears greatly

exhausted and the Congestion of the Lungs is marked. Death may occur in

this stage of the disease. Inflammation of the Lungs usually begins with

a chill and is followed by a high fever. The sheep stand most of the

time and may eat nothing, or very little. The breathing is hurried at

first, but when the lungs become badly involved, it is also labored. The

character of the pulse beats varies, depending on the extent of the

inflammation and the stage of the disease. In most cases the pulse is

full and quick during the early stages of the disease. A very weak pulse

is present in severe and fatal cases of Pneumonia. The visible mucous

membranes have a red colored appearance and there may be a slight

discharge from the nostrils. The expression of the face is anxious and

distressed in severe cases and rigors and chilling of the body occur.

The respiratory sounds are more or less normal. The cough at first is

deep and dry; later it becomes loose and moist. It may be accompanied by

a hemorrhage during this stage of the disease. Other respiratory sounds

are revealed by placing the ear to the side of the chest walls and

listening to the sound of the lungs. This cannot be practiced in long

wooled sheep with satisfaction, as the chest walls are so thick that the

lung sounds are deadened, or the noise made by the animal hides the

respiratory murmurs in the very early stages of Inflammation of the

Lungs. A crepitating or crackling sound can be heard in the diseased

parts and louder sounds than normal in the healthy areas. Later when the

engorgement of the lung substance occurs and the air cells become filled

with an inflammatory serum, the respiratory sounds are deadened, but on

returning to the normal, a rattling sound occurs. These symptoms help

greatly in determining the animal's condition and in watching the

progress of the disease. The chances for the recovery depend on the

extent and the acuteness of the inflammation. Careless handling,

exercising, etc., lessen the chances for a favorable termination in the

disease, but good care helps more to bring about recovery than the

medical treatment. The recovery is more unfavorable in fat than in lean

sheep, as the inflammation is usually more severe in the former. The

course is from seven to twenty-one days and it may become chronic if

the irritation is kept up. In such cases, unthriftiness is a prominent

sign.

TREATMENT: The preventive treatment in Pneumonia must not be overlooked.

Briefly, it consists in avoiding such conditions as may predispose the

animal to the disease or act in any way as an exciting cause. Careful

nursing is a very important part of the treatment. The sheep should be

given a comfortable, well ventilated shed and kept as quiet as possible.

If the bowels become constipated, give two or three ounces of Castor Oil

and feed sloppy food. As one attack predisposes the sheep to a second,

it should be protected from severe cold, or the other extreme, heat, for

a month after making a complete recovery.

The following prescription will be found very beneficial: Iodide of

Ammonia, one-half ounce; Chlorate of Potassi, one ounce; Pulv. Nux

Vomica, one ounce. Make into twenty-four powders and give one powder

every four hours well back on the tongue. Continue this treatment until

the animal has recovered.

CHAMPION COTSWOLD EWES.

Owned by F. A. Koser, Rickreall, Ore.

LUNG WORMS, LAMB DISEASE

(Verminous Bronchitis)

CAUSE: Due to a white thread-like worm (Strongylus Filaria) varying in

length from one to three inches. These worms affect and live in the

trachea (windpipe) and bronchial tubes. Infected animals, in coughing,

expel fertilized eggs which develop on the grass and stagnant water. The

larvae are again taken up either in the drinking water or in eating

grass or hay gathered on low marshy soil. Warm wet weather favors their

development.

SYMPTOMS: This worm is liable to attack a number of animals at the same

time. The weakest sheep and young lambs are the first to show signs by

coughing forcibly, distressing, hacking and convulsive in character. A

stringy mucus is sometimes expelled during the spasm of coughing. This

mucus contains worms which can be detected, or their ova observed under

a magnifying glass. In the latter stages of the disease, they cough

severely at night. These attacks have a sub-acute character and prove

very exhausting. The parasite by becoming entwined in balls severely

affects the animal's breathing which is always remarkably labored in the

latter stages of the disease. The animal refuses to eat, becomes

emaciated, anemic, mucous membranes of the eyes, mouth and nose become

very pale and the sheep die in convulsions from suffocation.

PREVENTIVE TREATMENT: Avoid grazing your sheep on low marshy soil,

especially during warm wet weather. Young lambs and weak ewes are

especially susceptible to this disease.

MEDICAL TREATMENT: The writer has tried various treatments as fumigation

with different substances and injection of remedies into the windpipe by

the use of a hypodermic syringe, etc., but none have proven very

successful, from a practical standpoint. I would recommend placing the

affected animals in a tightly closed barn or shed, in the center of

which place a pan of red hot coals and cover with Sulphur.

A person should remain in the barn or shed as long as he possibly can

and after the fumes become so irritating that he cannot endure them any

longer, he should immediately make his exit. The sheep should be

compelled to stay a minute or two longer and then quickly open the doors

and windows. Repeat this treatment once or twice a week. Feed affected

animals well. Give them fresh water to drink and protect them from

exposure. This treatment, as above described, has given very good

results, providing the parasites were not too numerous.

SCAB

(Mange)

CAUSE: The mange mite (Psoroptes Communis). This parasite is equipped

with stylets which pierce the skin at the seat where the mange mite

penetrates the skin, and produces small red spots followed by a blister

filled with serum, which ruptures, the serum drying and forming a small

scab. It is in this way that innumerable mange mites cause the piling up

of scabs thus producing a very scaly condition. As Mange advances, the

scaly patches eventually pile up until they attain the thickness of

one-half inch, unless these scabs have been severely rubbed.

SYMPTOMS: Very easily detected, as a bunch of sheep that have been

recently infected will be uneasy or restless, rubbing, against fences,

posts, brush, etc., causing bunches of wool to loosen. The itching seems

to be more intense at night and during warm weather. The affected

animals will even make attempts to bite themselves, due to the agony

produced by the mange mite. If the skin is examined by the aid of a

magnifying glass, the mange mite can be easily noticed, or by scraping

the skin with a knife and placing the scabs on a dark paper and exposed

to the warmth of the sun, the mange mite moving about can readily be

seen with the naked eye. Mangy sheep become very poor and eventually

die.

PREVENTION: This is important, for although the disease is treated with

very good results, the mange mite annoy the sheep until they become very

weak and emaciated and the loss of wool is enormous due to the affected

animal continually rubbing against fences, brush, etc.

TREATMENT: Consists of using various dips, as Lime and Sulphur, which is

recommended by the United States Bureau of Animal Industry. This is very

effective and inexpensive. Scabby sheep should be dipped a week or ten

days after shearing; two dippings are necessary at the interval of ten

days. After dipping, move to non-infected range or pastures.

TICK

(Louse Fly)

CAUSE: The tick that infects sheep has a very small head sunken into its

round body. The head possesses a flexible trunk or snout that penetrates

the skin. Through this trunk, the ticks derive their nourishment by

sucking the blood from the body of the sheep.  The tick is also provided

with three pairs of legs. The female lays her young in the form of a

spun egg (cocoon) which is oblong in shape and brown in color. This egg

is cemented to the wool of sheep where young ticks are hatched in about

four to six weeks.

SYMPTOMS: Long wooled sheep are more susceptible to this tick as their

wool provides shelter for both the tick and its eggs. After shearing the

sheep the ticks have a tendency to leave the body and to migrate to the

legs or to unshorn lambs where their snouts or trunks pierce the skin

which appears to become infected, producing a swelling and inflammation.

The infected sheep run, scratch and bite themselves. When these ticks

become developed in large quantities, they produce a paleness of the

mucous membranes of the eyes, mouth and nose, as the ticks suck large

quantities of blood, which produces an anemic condition. The sheep

become poor, weak and unthrifty.

TREATMENT: Satisfactorily treated by dipping infected sheep in Coal Tar

dips or Emulsions of Crude Petroleum. Shearing the sheep has a good

effect, but care must be exercised as the ticks then rapidly migrate to

the lambs.

DISEASES OF POULTRY

Causes, Symptoms and Treatments

White Plymouth Rocks, Raycroft Farm, Adrian, Mich.

CHAPTER V

AIR SAC MITE

CAUSE: Produced by a parasite called Cylodites Nudus, which bears a

close resemblance to the parasite causing mange or scabies in the

domesticated animal. Owing to the peculiar construction of their

breathing organs fowls are more susceptible to parasites than animals.

In addition to affecting the lungs, the Air Sac Mite may extend its

operations to the intestines, kidneys, liver and bones.

SYMPTOMS: Unthriftiness is first noticed, but after the parasites become

numerous, the fowl shows signs of difficult breathing, perhaps

terminating in bronchial pneumonia. In some cases death occurs without

apparent cause. The bird will be inactive, becomes separated from the

rest of the flock, comb pale, head drawn close to the body, wings hang

pendulous, lose flesh, breathing becomes hard, coughing, sneezing and a

rattling from the mucus in the windpipe is heard. Death is produced from

suffocation.

TREATMENT: Separate the sick from the healthy fowls. Disinfect coops and

runways of both sick and healthy birds with Crude Carbolic Acid,

undiluted. Also fumigate the fowls in their coops with steam from hot

water and Pine Tar. This may be done by placing the water and Tar in a

pan and then inserting a hot stone or brick in the solution. This

perhaps is the simplest method of fumigation. Also mix Sulphur in their

feed regularly.

APOPLEXY

(Hemorrhage of the Brain)

Due to the rupture of a blood vessel of the brain and pressure from the

escaping blood.

CAUSE: Mechanical injuries, straining when laying eggs (hens are

frequently found dead on the nest from this cause), overfeeding,

stimulating food, etc., all tend to produce apoplexy.

SYMPTOMS: Appear very suddenly, bird is seen to walk unsteadily, falls,

or perhaps is found dead.

TREATMENT: In mild attacks, apply cold water or ice to fowl's head until

thoroughly cooled. Give one-half grain of Calomel, feed soft food,

compel the bird to exercise. Owing to the loss of blood a tonic will be

necessary. Pulv. Gentian Root, Pulv. Saltpeter, Capsicum and Ferri

Sulphate (Pulv.) equal parts one ounce. Mix and place one teaspoonful in

feed for every twenty-five fowls. This tonic purifies and builds up the

blood, just what is needed in this particular condition.

BALDNESS

(Favus)

CAUSE: Due to fungi.

SYMPTOMS: The first noticeable sign is the whitish appearance of the

comb due to gray spots about the size of a pin head. As the disease

progresses, this condition spreads to other parts of the body; the

feathers look rough and dry and break easily. The fowl grows weaker,

refuses to eat and if not properly treated, dies.

TREATMENT: Remove the scabs by separating the feathers and using a

brush. Apply Sulphur Ointment. Repeat this treatment after two or three

days. Great care must be taken to prevent the fowl from chilling or

taking cold.

BEAK AND THROAT OBSTRUCTION

CAUSE: Lodgment in the beak or food canal of a foreign substance, such

as a kernel of corn, sunflower seed, bone, etc.

SYMPTOMS: Fowl jerks its head suddenly and frequently attempts to

swallow. If a close examination is made the foreign body can be felt

from the outside.

TREATMENT: For the removal of such obstructions, no special treatment is

needed further than to use care and avoid any injury to the beak or

throat. Feed nutritious food, as wheat bran mashes and vegetables and

see that they have a liberal quantity of good pure water at all times.

BLACKHEAD

(Infectious Entero Hepatitis of Turkeys)

CAUSE: Due to a protozoa taken into the system with the food or drinking

water. This parasite enters the caeca which becomes inflamed and

discolored and the liver is enlarged and studded with yellowish spots

about the size of a pea.

SYMPTOMS: Although this disease is termed Blackhead, the discoloration

of the head is not necessarily present in all cases; neither is this

condition confined to this particular disease. One of the first symptoms

is loss of appetite, followed in most cases by diarrhoea. The fowl

becomes weak and loses weight rapidly. Examination of the liver after

death will determine whether or not death has been caused by Infectious

Entero Hepatitis. The dead birds should be burned to prevent the spread

of the disease.

TREATMENT: Prevention is one of the most important factors as this

disease is very contagious and the protozoa once implanted in the turkey

runs is almost impossible to eradicate. Provide clean, well ventilated

coops and feed clean, wholesome food and good fresh water to drink.

MEDICAL TREATMENT: Give Bismuth Salicylate and Quinine Sulphate each one

grain two to three times a day. Also mix Hyposulphite of Soda in the

proportion of two to four grains to every fowl in their drinking water

twice daily. Disinfect coops and runs with Crude Carbolic Acid,

undiluted.

BODY LICE

CAUSE: Insanitary conditions. Communicated by direct contact.

SYMPTOMS: Young chicks become emaciated and die quickly. Older birds

withstand the parasite much longer, but in time show signs of uneasiness

by dusting themselves frequently. The comb and wattles become pale and

bloodless, the feathers rough, dry and brittle. The birds grow weak,

poor, and eventually die.

TREATMENT: Dust the birds with the following: Sulphur, one part;

Napthaline, one part; Tobacco Dust, twenty-eight parts and seventy parts

of middlings. Powder finely and mix well together and dust the birds

once daily. Also sprinkle freely in the dust baths.

BRONCHITIS

CAUSE: Exposure to dampness, cold drafts of air, inhaling irritating

gases, vapors or dust. The fowls should be carefully examined, as

bronchitis is occasionally caused by the presence of gapeworms.

SYMPTOMS: Loss of appetite, the bird moves about slowly, breathing with

difficulty and making a sort of whistling sound accompanied by a cough.

As the disease progresses, there will be a peculiar bubbling sound from

breathing due to an excessive accumulation of mucus in the windpipe. At

this stage of the disease the bird becomes very weak and if not properly

treated and cared for will rapidly lose strength, the feathers will

become rough, head and wings droop, and the bird dies.

TREATMENT: This disease is most satisfactorily treated by placing the

affected birds in warm, dry, well ventilated quarters, admitting

sunlight if possible, but excluding all drafts of air. Feed stale bread,

middlings, etc. Also place the fowls in a moderately air tight coop and

compel them to inhale steam from hot water and Turpentine. This is

readily done by placing the water and Turpentine in a pan and then

insert a hot stone or brick in the solution. Force them to inhale this

steam from twenty to thirty minutes twice a day. Also add Chlorate of

Potash to their drinking water, one teaspoonful to every twenty-five

aged fowls. To chicks add one-fourth teaspoonful to every twenty-five.

If the weather is favorable and the above treatment is followed,

bronchitis yields very favorably.

BUMBLE FOOT

(Corns-Deep Bruises-Abscesses)

CAUSE: Sharp-edged or narrow perches which bruise the feet or where the

perches are high, heavy fowls often injure their feet by alighting on

stones or other hard objects.

SYMPTOMS: The bird limps or hobbles about, moving with great difficulty.

Examination will show the foot to be hot and tender to the touch.

TREATMENT: Wash with clean, warm water and in some cases it is advisable

to apply Hot Flaxseed poultices. When soft spots or abscesses develop,

lance them with a clean, sharp knife. After abscesses and bruises are

opened, treat them antiseptically by washing with a solution of Carbolic

Acid, one teaspoonful to a pint of water. The foot should be bandaged to

keep out dust and dirt.

PRIZE WINNING BUFF ORPINGTON COCK.

CATARRH

CAUSE: Exposure; poorly constructed coops which admit rain or drafts.

Weak birds are very susceptible to Catarrh.

SYMPTOMS: The bird is dull, moves about slowly, coughing or sneezing;

appetite is poor, the mucous membrane of the air passage becomes

inflamed and the breathing difficult, especially through the nose. The

discharge from the nostrils at first watery, becomes mucus-like and

thick and sticky, closing the nose, causing the bird to breathe wholly

through the mouth with a wheezing sound.

TREATMENT: The cause of Catarrh shows the necessity of clean and

comfortable quarters for the fowls. Keep the birds strong and vigorous

by feeding clean, nourishing food.

MEDICAL TREATMENT: To each fowl administer in their drinking water or

feed: Chlorate of Potash, one grain, twice daily.

CHICKEN POX

(Sore Head--Warts)

CAUSE: These diseases are due to low forms of parasites or fungi and

occur most frequently in wet weather especially if the coops are leaky

and allow the rain to fall on the droppings, causing mold or fungi. Poor

ventilation and lack of light also promotes the growth of fungi.

SYMPTOMS: The disease is usually confined to the head and affects

principally young chickens, pigeons and turkeys, but rarely ducks and

geese. The infection appears in the form of yellowish warts or nodules

about the nose, eyelids, comb, wattles, under the wings, or any

unfeathered place. The warts vary in size from that of a pin head to the

size of a pea and they discharge a fluid which at first is thin and

watery but as the disease progresses, it becomes thick and sticky,

yellow in color and fetid in smell. At this stage the appetite is poor,

the feathers appear rough, and where the eyelids are affected, as in

most cases, the bird cannot see, fails to eat, becomes emaciated, loses

weight and strength rapidly and if not properly treated, dies.

TREATMENT: This disease is very contagious, therefore the coops and runs

should be disinfected with Crude Carbolic Acid, undiluted. In the

drinking water add Hyposulphite of Soda in the proportion of one to two

grains to each fowl (one-half grain to chicks). Wash the nodules or

warts about the head with Carbolic Acid solution, one teaspoonful to a

quart of water. Feed easily digested food, such as vegetables or warm

bran mashes.

CONGESTION OF THE LIVER

CAUSE: Lack of exercise, overfeeding, tainted or moldy food, infection,

or impure blood.

SYMPTOMS: Birds suffering from this disease seldom show signs of

sickness and it is well to dissect the fowl after death to ascertain the

exact cause. If death is caused by Congestion of the Liver, the organ

will be greatly enlarged and easily torn.

TREATMENT: If the fowls are fat and sluggish, compel them to exercise by

driving them about. Also give fifteen to twenty grains of Epsom Salts to

each affected fowl. Feed laxative foods that are easily digested, as

vegetables and wheat bran mashes. They are cooling and relieve

congestion.

CONGESTION OF THE LUNGS

(Pulmonary Congestion)

CAUSE: Exposure; the bird chills, causing contraction of the blood

vessels near the surface of the body, thereby forcing a large quantity

of blood to the internal organs; the small blood vessels in the lungs

become distended with blood and rupture.

SYMPTOMS: Rapid and difficult breathing; the bird appears stupid and

sleepy and docs not care to move about; appetite poor, wings drooping,

plumage ruffled, a thick mucus, colored with blood, escapes from the

mouth, comb and wattles show a dark-red color from lack of oxygen in the

blood. This disease is of very short duration, the bird dying within a

few hours. It is very common among young chicks and turkeys that are

permitted to run out in the early spring rains.

TREATMENT: Medical treatment is of no value, as the disease progresses

so rapidly that the bird dies shortly after the first symptoms appear.

Sanitary surroundings, good light, pure air and exercise are essential.

Do not allow the birds to stand out in the cold or rains, especially

during the molting season. Keep your poultry strong and vigorous by

feeding clean, nourishing food and give them pure water to drink.

CONSTIPATION

(Intestinal Obstruction)

CAUSE: Irritation of the membranes lining the intestines, caused by dry

feed, glass or gravel; may also be due to parasitic worms. Obstruction

may occur in any part of the intestines although the external opening is

the part most frequently affected.

SYMPTOMS: Bird appears dull and stupid, walks with difficulty and

attempts frequently to expel the obstructing material. The appetite is

poor and the feathers rough. By examination and manipulation the

obstruction may be located. Dried masses of excrement by adhering to the

feathers sometimes block the outer opening of the intestines.

TREATMENT: Remove the waste matter clinging to the feathers with warm

water or by clipping the feathers off. If the Cloaca is obstructed, give

injections of Sweet Oil or Olive Oil with a small bulb syringe. Also

give one to two grains of Calomel and feed clean food and soft mashes

containing Pulv. Gentian Root, one grain to each fowl twice daily. This

stimulates the worm-like movement of the bowels and assists in expelling

their contents.

PRIZE WINNING PLYMOUTH ROCK COCK.

CROP IMPACTION

(Obstruction, Paralysis, Inflammation, Catarrh)

CAUSE: Errors in feeding; birds that are not fed regularly are

predisposed to any of the above conditions; may also be due to

swallowing large pieces of bone, thread, nails, pins, glass, gravel,

etc.

SYMPTOMS: Loss of appetite, frequent attempts to swallow, crop greatly

distended and hard on pressure; eventually the food decomposes and a

liquid may escape from the mouth and nose. The bird appears dull, stupid

and sleepy, comb pale, feathers rough, beak open, owing to pressure on

the windpipe. If caused by swallowing sharp objects, they may penetrate

the crop and skin, causing a gangrenous condition. Grain in the crop

will sometimes send out sprouts of considerable lengths.

TREATMENT: If no sharp objects are present, give two teaspoonfuls of

Sweet or Olive Oil. This will lubricate the esophagus and crop.

Manipulate the crop upward, forcing the food gently through the mouth,

adding oil occasionally. If, however, sharp objects penetrate the crop

it is best to remove them through an artificial opening. Clip the

feathers from around the intended seat of operation and wash the clipped

surface with a Carbolic Solution, one teaspoonful to a pint of water.

The incision should not be over one-half inch long and should be made as

high as possible and in the center of the crop. After removing the

contents, sew up with ordinary thread and needle and wash occasionally

with the above antiseptic solution. The operation is not difficult and

will be successful if the parts are not too badly inflamed.

After-treatment consists of feeding very little food until the crop is

fairly well healed. Feed soft bran mashes and vegetables. To the

drinking water add Boracic Acid, one grain, twice daily. It relieves the

catarrhal condition that is present, such as irritations of the crop and

intestines.

DIARRHOEA

(Gastro-Intestinal Catarrh--Enteritis)

CAUSE: Inflammation of the digestive organs can be traced in every

instance to the quality or quantity of food and water consumed. The food

or water may contain parasites, or large quantities of mustard, pepper,

or may be moldy or tainted.

SYMPTOMS: Loss of appetite, the feathers appear rough, the crop is

sometimes paralyzed and distended with gas, the bird moves slowly, the

droppings vary in color from a white to a yellow or a green and finally

becomes tinged with blood; at this stage there is a rise in temperature

accompanied by great thirst and signs of pain. Mild cases of simple

diarrhoea if not properly treated when first symptoms appear, will

develop the same severe conditions described above.

TREATMENT: Determine the cause and remove it if possible. See that the

food is clean and nutritious, the coops well ventilated, the runs well

lighted. Sunlight is very beneficial. Avoid exposure, drafts and

dampness. Place oatmeal in their drinking water, also give two grains of

Bismuth mixed with dough and make into a small pill. Give one every six

hours.

When in addition to the above symptoms a bloody discharge is present,

give six drops of Tincture of Catechu every four hours. Warm mashes made

of bran or oatmeal are very nourishing and soothing to the intestinal

canal.

DIPHTHERITIC ROUP

(Diphtheria)

CAUSE: Due to a specific germ. The disease is very contagious and is

communicated by direct contact. Great care should be exercised,

therefore, when showing or buying birds. Any new birds to be added to

the flock should be kept in separate pens for a week or two to make sure

they are in good condition.

SYMPTOMS: The first symptoms are similar to those of catarrh or cold. A

clear, watery liquid escapes from the eyes and nostrils, the head is

drawn in toward the body, the feathers appear rough, the breathing fast,

the temperature rises from three to five degrees above normal. The bird

walks about as if blind, sneezing, swallowing with difficulty, and

showing signs of great weakness. If the mouth is opened small white

spots or elevations will be seen on the back of the tongue. There may be

diarrhoea of a green or yellow color. As the disease progresses the

discharge from the nose and eyes becomes thick and stringy, obstructing

the air passages and gathering in large quantities between the eyelids.

The mouth, throat and tongue are very much inflamed and swollen and in

most cases it is impossible for the bird to make a sound. Recovery is

doubtful after the disease has reached this stage.

TREATMENT: Isolate the affected birds in some clean, warm, light, well

ventilated quarters, excluding drafts. Dissolve thirty grains of

Chlorate of Potash in one ounce of water and one ounce of Glycerine, and

to the average sized fowl give one teaspoonful three or four times a

day. To chicks give one-fourth the dose. When the scum loosens in the

back part of the tongue, remove the scum gently, Care should be taken so

as to prevent bleeding. Feed soft, nourishing food.

DOUBLE-YOLK EGGS

Eggs are frequently found with two yolks. This condition is produced by

two ovary capsules bursting at about the same time and gaining entrance

together into the oviduct where they are concealed in the same shell.

Double-yolked eggs are larger than normal and may injure the oviduct

when expelled. When hatched, they produce twins or abnormal chicks.

DROPSY

(Ascites)

CAUSE: Generally due to irritating, indigestible food, causing

inflammation of the membranous lining of the intestinal cavity.

SYMPTOMS: The abdomen becomes enlarged, is tender to the touch and

contains a watery fluid, the movement of which can be heard in most

cases by pressure on the swollen parts. The bird appears stupid, the

comb pale and the appetite poor.

TREATMENT: Unless the bird is very valuable, treatment is not advisable.

In case the bird is valuable, give one grain of Potassium Iodide twice

daily in the feed or drinking water. Also feed nourishing food as

beef-scraps, vegetables, wheat bran mashes, etc.

PRIZE WINNING WHITE LEGHORN HEN.

EGG BOUND

(Difficult Laying; Obstruction of the Oviduct)

CAUSE: Due to the eggs being too large, the bird too fat, or to the

absence of the secretions lubricating the oviduct.

SYMPTOMS: The first signs are scarcely noticeable but soon the feathers

appear rough, the bird becomes dull and moves slowly, making frequent

efforts to expel the egg.

TREATMENT: Remove the egg by injecting Sweet Oil, assisting the bird

with gentle pressure. In some cases it is well to puncture the egg and

collapse the shell. If the bird is very fat, reduce by careful feeding.

If the bird is of normal size, the trouble is probably due to the

absence of lubricating secretions of the oviduct, in which case the

following tonic should be given: Pulv. Ferri Sulphate, Pulv. Gentian

Root, each one dram. Mix and make into thirty powders. Give one powder

two or three times a day in their feed for a week or ten days.

EGG EATING

CAUSE: Is usually due to lack of shell-building material in the food; in

such case the shell of the egg is thin and easily broken and the fowl

craving the lime contained in the egg shell, naturally contracts the

habit.

TREATMENT: Supply ground bone and oyster shells. Feed green food such as

cabbage, kale, potatoes, carrots, etc.

EGGS WITHOUT SHELLS

(Soft-Shelled Eggs)

CAUSE: Deficiency of shell material; or it is possible that fright

sometimes causes premature expulsion of the eggs before the shell is

formed.

TREATMENT: Feed ground bone, oyster shells. They contain egg shell

producing material. Perhaps the best results are obtained when mixed

with wheat bran. Also feed vegetables such as cabbage, potatoes and

carrots.

FEATHER PULLING

(Feather Eating)

CAUSE: Irritation of the skin due to lice, mites or to lack of exercise

and improper food.

TREATMENT: Feed meat, ground bones and vegetables. Place the food where

the fowls are compelled to scratch and work to obtain it. Dust the fowls

with Powdered Aloes.

If due to lice, treat the same as recommended under the heading of Lice.

GAPES

(Verminous Tracheo Bronchitis)

CAUSE: A red, parasitic worm, the male measuring about one-fifth of an

inch and the female one-half an inch in length. Fowls become infected by

eating worms containing this parasite or its eggs, and by coming in

contact with other birds suffering from the disease.

SYMPTOMS: The most noticeable symptom is frequent gaping; the Gapeworms

attach themselves by their months to the walls of the windpipe where

they suck the blood which nourishes them; they cause irritation and

inflammation of the windpipe, bronchial tubes and lungs; breathing is

difficult and the bird loses strength rapidly; windpipe eventually

becomes totally obstructed and the bird dies from suffocation and

exhaustion. Young, weak chickens are more susceptible to this disease

than strong ones.

TREATMENT: Separate the sick birds from the healthy ones. Clean and

disinfect the coops and runs. Burn all manure. Remove the worms from the

windpipe by the use of a feather, from which the fan has been stripped,

leaving only a small brush at the end. Dip the feather into Oil of

Turpentine or Coal Oil, removing the surplus liquid by drawing the

feather between the fingers. Now insert the feather into the windpipe of

the bird and by turning gently you will dislodge the worms from their

attachments. Repeat this treatment once a day for two or three days.

Disinfect coops and runs with undiluted Crude Carbolic Acid. Feed good

nutritious food as wheat bran mashes, etc.

HEAD LICE

CAUSE: Result of insanitary conditions and lack of care. Communicated by

direct contact with infected birds, or by infected coops or brooders.

SYMPTOMS: The head soon becomes denuded of feathers, and also sore by

being constantly scratched with the feet. If not properly treated the

chicks weaken and die.

TREATMENT: An ointment made of one part Sulphur and four parts Lard well

mixed and applied two to three times will exterminate the lice. If the

fowl is run down in condition, feed good nutritious food as wheat bran

mashes.

HOW TO FEED YOUNG POULTRY

Withhold all food for at least eighteen hours; then feed stale bread

moistened with boiled milk every three hours. When they are three or

four days old, feed rolled oats, ground corn moistened with pure water,

finely chopped meat and boiled vegetables. Feed them often and you will

be well repaid by their rapid growth, strength, and the low death rate.

After they reach the age of one week or ten days, watch them closely and

regulate their feed to their apparent needs.

INCOMPLETE EGG

(Abortion)

CAUSE: Irritation of the oviduct; improper secretion of albumen or

internal egg-producing material.

TREATMENT: Careful feeding will overcome this condition. Warm wheat bran

mashes, ground bone, beef scraps, all tend to allay the irritations of

the oviduct and stimulate the secretions of albumen.

JAUNDICE

CAUSE: Obstruction of the bile duct, due to rich, nitrogenous food and

insufficient exercise.

SYMPTOMS: Disease is not easily detected. The yellow color of the

wattles and comb is the first symptom; the appetite is variable, the

feathers appear rough and dry, the head is retracted, and the bird

finally dies owing to the absorption of bile in the blood.

TREATMENT: Change food. Feed upon a vegetable diet, also give one grain

of Calomel, which is particularly useful in a case of sluggish liver in

poultry. Also give one grain of Pulv. Gentian Root and one grain of

Bicarbonate of Soda, twice daily in feed.

MANGE

(Scabies of the Body)

CAUSE: Due to a parasite that resembles the mite.

SYMPTOMS: When the affected bird is closely examined large quantities of

scales or scabs are found in the soft feathers. The appetite is poor;

the bird walks slowly about showing signs of uneasiness. If the disease

is allowed to run its course, the bird grows weak and eventually dies.

The disease is easily transmitted from one bird to another and should be

treated without delay.

TREATMENT: Disinfect roost, coops and pens with undiluted Crude Carbolic

Acid. Apply to the irritations that present themselves on the body of

the birds: Sulphur Ointment twice a week and feed good nourishing food

as wheat bran mashes and vegetables.

PIP

(Inflammation of the Mouth)

CAUSE: Irritations, injuries, or micro-organisms. It is sometimes caused

by nothing more than a dry condition of the mucous membrane due to the

bird breathing through the mouth when suffering from respiratory

diseases.

SYMPTOMS: Dryness of the mucous membrane of the mouth; especially the

part covering the tongue, which becomes hard and ragged, forming rough

edges along its sides. These dried portions become loose and partially

detached from the tongue, interfering with its movements and causing

more or less pain and annoyance.

TREATMENT: Do not forcibly detach these pieces, but assist nature to

remove them. This can be accomplished by mixing Glycerine and Water,

equal parts, and dropping into the mouth with an ordinary syringe or

dropper. It is advisable to add Boracic Acid, one teaspoonful to every

gallon of drinking water, which will prevent the entrance of parasites

into the blood.

RED MITE

CAUSE: These grow spontaneously in favorable surroundings, as the

interior of poultry houses and brooders containing numerous cracks and

crevices.

SYMPTOMS: This mite is a blood-sucker; irritates the skin and sometimes

causes sores to form on the body of the chick. The birds grow stupid and

weak and die rapidly if not properly treated. Older fowls withstand the

irritation of mites much longer, but do not thrive, or lay regularly,

and will finally die if the insects become too numerous. The insect may

be transmitted to horses, cattle, and even to man.

TREATMENT: Paint the roosts and spray the interior of the coops and runs

with Crude Carbolic Acid, undiluted, being very careful that the

solution reaches the bottoms of the cracks and crevices. Also paint the

interior of brooders with the same solution.

RHEUMATISM

(Leg Weakness--Gout--Paralysis)

CAUSE: Damp coops and pens, lack of ventilation and improper food.

SYMPTOMS: Fowl refuses to stand or walk, and on examination, the legs

are found to be swollen and painful, especially about the joints. In

some cases suppuration of the joints takes place and they become open

running sores. The bone finally becomes diseased and the fowl dies.

TREATMENT: Preventive measures are first to be considered. See that the

coops and pens are clean and dry. Avoid drafts. Feed vegetables, also

wheat bran mashes. Give internally Salicylic Acid, one-half grain, twice

daily. When the legs are swollen and sore apply Camphorated Ointment

once or twice daily.

PRIZE WINNING COLUMBIAN WYANDOTTE COCK.

SCALY LEG

(Scabies)

CAUSE: Due to a mite that burrows under the scales of the leg.

SYMPTOMS: White, scaly-looking scabs form about the upper part of the

foot. The feet and legs become swollen and painful as the disease

progresses and if not checked will result in lameness, inflammation of

the joints, and the toes may slough off. Great care is necessary as the

disease is very easily transmitted from one bird to another.

TREATMENT: Use boiling water or Crude Carbolic Acid, undiluted, on the

perches. Wash the feet and legs with warm water and soft soap. Dry well

and apply Carbolated Ointment. Repeat the above treatment every other

day for a week.

SORE MOUTH

(Aphtha; Thrush)

CAUSE: A vegetable parasite called Oidium Albicans.

SYMPTOMS: Inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the mouth, throat,

gullet and crop, which finally terminates in white ulcerations. Other

symptoms are swelling of the head, poor appetite and a rapid loss in

weight and strength.

TREATMENT: Isolate the sick from the healthy fowls. Give as much

sunlight as possible, feed nourishing food, such as warm oatmeal mashes,

kale, potatoes, etc. Add one grain each of Chlorate of Potash and

Boracic Acid to a tablespoonful of water and give three or four times a

day or oftener if they will drink it. A good disinfectant must be used

to prevent the disease from spreading and I would recommend the use of

undiluted Crude Carbolic Acid about the coops and poultry runs.

TUBERCULOSIS

CAUSE: This dreaded disease is caused by the Bacillus of Tuberculosis.

Damp, ill-ventilated, and poorly lighted coops are favorable to the

development of the disease.

SYMPTOMS: Except in advanced stages, this disease is not easily detected

as it affects various organs, and considerable experience in

post-mortems and a skillful use of the microscope is required to

successfully diagnose a case.

TREATMENT: Preventive measures should be practiced as the disease is

incurable. Do not expose the fowls to cold wet weather. See that the

coops are well ventilated and lighted and feed no contaminated food.

VENT GLEET

CAUSE: Constipation is perhaps the most common cause, the hard droppings

causing irritation of the vent which is followed by inflammation and

suppuration of the lining membranes, rectum and oviduct.

SYMPTOMS: Frequent straining due to irritation. As the disease

progresses a pus-like discharge is noticed. The disease may extend into

the rectum or oviduct. The bird appears stupid, the plumage rough, the

comb pale, and if not properly treated, dies a lingering death.

TREATMENT: Preventive treatment is the best. Feed green food

occasionally and warm bran mashes. This prevents constipation. When the

bird strains frequently and a discharge is present the following

solution should be injected: Sugar of Lead, two drams; Zinc Sulphate,

one dram. Mix with two quarts of water. Inject about one ounce with a

syringe twice daily until the discharge has ceased.

WHITE DIARRHOEA

(Fowl Cholera)

CAUSE: Germ (Bacilli of Fowl Cholera) gaining entrance to the body

through the bowels, lungs or wounds of the skin. Death results from

toxic material produced while the germs are multiplying.

SYMPTOMS: All poultry, cage or wild birds are subject to this disease.

The first symptoms are loss of appetite; diarrhoea is present and the

discharge is almost white in color and tinged with transparent mucus.

The affected bird becomes separated from the flock, seems weak and

stupid and appears to be asleep; feathers are rough, the wings droop and

the head is drawn in toward the body; crop is generally full, owing to

improper digestion. The comb is pale and bloodless, the temperature

raised from three to five degrees above normal and the bird loses weight

rapidly; it may die with convulsions and cries, or without a sound or

struggle.

TREATMENT: To grown fowls, give Zinc Sulphocarbolates in one-half grain

doses three times a day in their food or drinking water. To chicks,

dissolve thirty grains of Zinc Sulphocarbolates in two quarts of water.

Saturate feed, as stale bread, etc., and give three times a day. Zinc

Sulphocarbolates is an antiseptic especially prepared for septic

conditions of the intestines, and very useful in treatment of White

Diarrhoea and Fowl Cholera. In severe cases of diarrhoea, give Bismuth

Salicylate, one grain, three times daily in feed or make into a pill

with dough. When the fowls will eat, feed them clean, nitrogenous food

that they can digest easily, as oatmeal mashes. It is also necessary to

give them pure water to drink at all times. Disinfection of the premises

is another essential factor in the treatment of this disease, and

undiluted Crude Carbolic Acid is a disinfectant that we can rely upon at

all times.

I cannot recommend vaccination as the serum is very difficult and

expensive to produce and different breeds of birds require varying

doses, therefore, vaccinating poultry for White Diarrhoea or Fowl

Cholera is not attended with any great degree of success.

WORMS

CAUSE: Few fowls are entirely free from worms. The soil over which the

chicks are permitted to run may be infected, or the food may contain the

eggs or embryos of worms.

SYMPTOMS: The presence of worms in fowls may not be at once detected,

since only a close observer would notice them in the droppings. If the

birds eat well but remain poor, and the feathers appear rough and the

comb and wattles pale, there is reason to suspect the existence of

worms.

TREATMENT: Preventive treatment is the best. Sprinkle the runs and coops

regularly with Crude Carbolic Acid, undiluted. Give two drops of

Turpentine in twice this quantity of Sweet or Olive Oil. This dose

should be repeated in from six to eight days so as to insure the

expulsion of the newly hatched worms or those that may have survived the

first treatment.

MISCELLANEOUS

Some valuable facts and figures summed up for handy reference

VALUABLE DRUGS AND THEIR DOSES FOR DOMESTIC ANIMALS

In the list of doses, oz. stands for ounce, pt. for pint, lb. for pound,

gr. for grain, dr. for dram, dp. for drop.

NAME OF DRUG         CATTLE      SHEEP       HORSES     HOGS       DOGS

Alcohol                4 oz.     1-2 oz.    2-4 oz.    1-2 oz.     1-4 dr.

Alum                 3-4 dr.      40 gr.    2-4 dr.     40 gr.      15 gr.

Ammonia Aromatic       2 oz.     1-2 dr.    1-2 oz.    1-2 dr.   20-60 dp.

Aniseed              1-5 oz.     1-2 dr.      1 oz.      1 dr.      15 gr.

Arnica Tincture        1 oz.       2 dr    .5-1 oz.      1 dr.    7-20 dp.

Asafetida Tincture     3 oz.      .5 oz.      2 oz.      2 dr.       1 dr.

Boracic Acid           3 dr.      20 gr.    1-3 dr.     15 gr.       8 gr.

Brandy                 4 oz.     1-2 oz.    2-4 oz.    1-2 oz.     1-2 dr.

Calcium Phosphate      1 oz.     1-2 dr.    2-4 dr.    1-2 dr.    5-20 gr.

Calomel              1-2 dr.    5-20 gr.      1 dr.   5-20 gr.       1 gr.

Camphor Spirit         1 oz.       2 dr.    2-4 dr.     15 dp.      10 dp.

Carbolic Acid        1-2 dr.   10-20 dp.   .5-2 dr.   5-15 dp.     3-8 dp.

Castor Oil             1 pt.     2-4 oz.      1 pt.    2-4 oz.     1-2 dr.

Chalk                  2 oz.     1-2 dr.   .5-2 oz.      1 dr.    .5-1 dr.

Charcoal             1-2 oz.     2-4 dr.    1-2 oz.    2-4 dr.   20-60 gr.

Codliver Oil         3-8 oz.     3-8 dr.    2-6 oz.    2-6 dr.     1-3 dr.

Copperas               2 dr.      20 gr.      1 dr.     10 gr.       4 gr.

Copper Sulphate      2-4 dr.   20-30 gr.    2-4 dr.  20-30 gr.     1-2 gr.

Digitalis          10-30 gr.    5-15 gr.  10-50 gr    3-10 gr.       2 gr.

Epsom Salts            1 lb.     1-4 oz.   .5-1 lb.      1 oz.     1-4 dr.

Fowler's Solution      5 dr.    5-20 dp.    2-4 dr.   5-20 dp.     1-5 dp.

Gentian              5-8 dr.     1-2 dr.    4-8 dr.    1-2 dr.      40 gr.

Ginger               5-8 dr.     1-2 dr.    2-8 dr.  15-60 gr.    5-20 gr.

Glauber Salts      1-1.5 lb.     1-4 dr.   .5-1 lb.      1 oz.     1-4 dr.

Iodide of Potash     1-2 dr.   10-25 gr.   .5-2 dr.   5-20 gr.     2-8 gr.

Iron Sulphate          2 dr.      25 gr.    1-2 dr.     25 gr.       4 gr.

Jamaica Ginger         2 oz.      .5 oz.      1 oz.   .5-1 dr.  1/4-1/2 dr.

Laudanum             2-5 oz.     1-4 dr.    1-4 oz.    1-2 dr.      20 dp.

Lead Acetate           1 dr.      25 gr.      1 dr.     20 gr.     1-2 gr.

Lime Water           4-6 oz.       2 oz.    4-6 oz.      2 oz.     1-8 dr.

Linseed Oil          1-2 pt.    6-12 oz.   .5-1 pt.   5-10 oz.       1 oz.

Mustard                1 oz.     1-2 dr.   .5-1 oz.    1-2 dr.      20 gr.

Nitre                3-8 oz.       1 dr.    1-2 oz.      1 dr.    5-20 gr.

Nux Vomica             2 dr.   30-40 gr.    1-2 dr.  10-20 gr.     1-2 gr.

Olive Oil            1-2 pt.     3-8 dr.    1-2 pt.    2-6 dr.     2-4 oz.

Pepper               2-4 dr.   15-25 gr.    1-3 dr.  10-20 gr.    4-10 gr.

Peppermint Oil        30 dp.     5-8 dp.  15-30 dp.    3-7 dp.     1-5 dp.

Potassium Bromide     2 oz.      2-4 dr.    1-2 oz.    2-4 dr.    5-50 gr.

Quinine              1-2 dr.    5-10 gr.  50-60 gr.   5-10 gr.     1-2 gr.

Rhubarb              1-2 oz.       1 dr.    1-2 oz.      1 dr.    5-10 gr.

Saltpeter            1-3 dr.    .5-1 dr.    2-4 dr.   .5-1 dr.    2-10 gr.

Soda                   2 oz.     2-4 dr.  1-1.5 oz.    1-3 dr.   20-50 gr.

Subnitrate of Bismuth  2 dr.   10-30 gr.    1-2 dr.   5-20 gr.    3-10 gr.

Sulphur              3-4 oz.     1-2 oz.    2-4 oz.    1-2 oz.     1-4 dr.

Turpentine             2 oz.     1-4 dr.    1-2 oz.      1 dr.   20-50 dp.

CHAPTER VI

RESPIRATION

The number of respirations per minute varies with the different classes

of animals; as a rule, the larger the animal, the slower the

respiration.

The Horse          8 to 10

Cattle            12 to 15

Sheep and Goats   12 to 20

The Dog           15 to 20

Swine             10 to 15

The rate of breathing is increased from the processes of digestion

immediately after eating, or may increase from exercise.

NORMAL TEMPERATURE OF THE HORSE

From  2 to  5 years old the temperature is 100.6 degrees Fahr.

From  5 to 10 years old the temperature is 100.4 degrees Fahr.

From 10 to 15 years old the temperature is 100   degrees Fahr.

From 15 to 20 years old the temperature is 98.4 to 100.2 degrees Fahr.

Sex appears to slightly influence temperature:

Stallion   100   degrees Fahr.

Mare       100.8 degrees Fahr.

Gelding    100.4 degrees Fahr.

The time of day when temperature is taken is important, the lowest body

temperature being at 4 a.m., and the highest at 6 p.m. New born foals'

temperature will run from 102 to 104 degrees Fahr.

TEMPERATURE OF CATTLE

Normal temperature is from 101.8 to 102 degrees Fahr.

Compared with the horse, the daily variations are small.

TEMPERATURE OF SHEEP AND GOATS

In these animals the greatest variation in temperature occurs, viz.:

100.9 to 105.8 degrees Fahr. In the majority of cases the temperature

probably will be between 103.6 and 104.4 degrees Fahr. The cause of this

variation is unknown.

TEMPERATURE OF SWINE

The average temperature is 103.3 degrees Fahr., varying from 100.9 to

105.4 degrees Fahr.

TEMPERATURE OF THE DOG

The dog is subject to important variations depending on the external

temperature; it varies from 99.5 to 101.7 degrees Fahr., although in

some localities it is as high as 100.9, 101.3 and 101.7 degrees Fahr.

Feeding will increase the temperature, and it is also higher toward

evening.

PULSE THROBS PER MINUTE

Per Minute

The Horse         36 to 40

Cattle            45 to 50

Sheep and Goats   70 to 80

The Dog           70 to 80

Swine             90 to 100

The pulse in the young is much more rapid than in the adult animal; that

of a foal at birth beats 100 to 102 per minute, while that of a calf

will go to 130 per minute. In old age the pulsation becomes reduced and

the arteries much weaker. The pulse rate in large animals is less than

in smaller ones, as for instance, an elephant's pulse rate is from 25 to

28 beats per minute. The more rapid the pulse, the greater the quantity

of blood in circulation.

AVERAGE PERIODS OF GESTATION OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS

Mare     11 months

Ass      12 months

Cow       9 months

Sheep     5 months

Goat      5 months

Sow   3-1/2 months

Bitch     9 weeks

Cat       8 weeks

AVERAGE PERIOD OF INCUBATION

Chicken   20 to 22 days

Geese     28 to 34 days

Duck      28 to 30 days

Turkey    27 to 29 days

Pigeon          18 days

Guinea Fowl     28 days

Pheasant        25 days

Ostrich   40 to 42 days

Canary Bird     14 days

VETERINARY FACTS AND ADVICE TO REMEMBER

1. Cleanliness of body and surroundings is a necessity in the treatment

of animals.

2. Pure air, avoiding drafts, is equally essential.

3. Light, excepting in the treatment of eye diseases, is greatly to be

desired. Darkness, while soothing to the eye, tends to prolong germ

life and disease.

4. Keep dry--dampness breeds disease.

5. Keep warm--in chilly weather, blanket the sick animal, hand rub limbs

and bandage with woolen cloths.

6. Exercise with care--excessive and insufficient exercise are both

injurious.

7. Feed with care--green grass, in medium quantity, and vegetables are

cooling to the blood, easily digested and exert a slight laxative

effect. Grain feed is nutritious and strengthening, but it is not

required in any quantity by a horse not working. Be sure that all

feed is fresh and clean.

8. Drinking water must be pure--impure water carries many disease germs.

Also avoid giving water in large quantities, especially if water is

very cold.

9. Disinfection involves little time or expense, but is invaluable. Coal

tar products which emulsify in water (1 part coal tar products to

50-75 parts water) should be freely and occasionally sprinkled about

yards and buildings.

If only these few fundamental and common-sense principles were followed

by stock raisers, a very large percentage of the ills and diseases of

domestic animals would be lastingly prevented.

DRENCHING

Do not drench an animal when you can administer the necessary medicine

in any other way. Drench only when absolutely necessary. A horse, in

contrast with all other domestic animals, cannot breathe through its

mouth. Therefore, in treating horses, drenching is especially dangerous.

While drenching any animal, strangulation, pneumonia, bronchitis, etc.,

are liable to be caused by some of the drenching liquid escaping from

the mouth into the lungs. This is a frequent occurrence in which the

drenching proves to be the immediate cause of the animal's death, as in

case of strangulation, or the originating cause when drenched animals

later succumb to pneumonia, bronchitis, etc.

MEDICINE IN CAPSULES

In many of the treatments prescribed in the preceding pages, the use of

gelatine capsules has been advised in preference to giving the medicine

in any other form.

Capsules, made of gelatine, do not lie in the animal's stomach, as

commonly supposed, but dissolve readily; the gelatine itself being

beneficial in many cases, especially if the bowels or stomach be

irritated. The animal receives the intended dose fully. It avoids any

unpleasant taste. With capsule gun, or by hand, medicine in capsules is

more easily and quickly given than to attempt to hold animal's head up,

as is necessary when administering liquid drenches, the danger of which

has been explained.

PREVENTION OF CONTAGIOUS DISEASES

Newly purchased animals or poultry should be segregated for from ten

days to two weeks to give opportunity for any infectious diseases with

which they may be afflicted, or have been exposed to, to fully develop.

This precaution will often save the buyer from loss.

Avoid exhibiting in fairs, shows, etc., where the health of your animals

might be jeopardized, especially through the presence of contagiously

affected animals. If you cannot be sure proper precautions are to be

taken, better forego your pride and possible prize ribbons.

HEREDITARY TENDENCIES

When breeding, it is of utmost importance to select a good female as

well as male, for the least faulty conformation in either will in all

probability be transferred to the offspring, viz.: an animal with a

crooked hind leg is subject to bone spavin, curbs, bog spavin,

thoroughpin, ring bone, etc., and is liable to transmit any of these

diseases, especially if exposed to slight exertion. A tubercular cow

will invariably give birth to a tubercular calf, or at any rate the calf

will contract tuberculosis from the milk.

EVOLUTION OF STOCK

During the transformation which our country has undergone, and is

undergoing, no one industry has experienced such marked changes as the

production and raising of livestock.

At the earliest time of which we have any record, and even up to within

comparatively recent years, large herds of horses and cattle ranged over

our plains in a wild state. At first no attempts were made to capture or

round up these herds, and later but one or two attempts per year, when

the young were branded and grown animals shipped, if possible, or driven

to available markets.

As the country became more thickly settled and populated these larger

herds were broken up, the ranges becoming divided and fenced. With this

segregation, attention to breeding and care of animals began to be

practiced, gradually causing the animal's evolution from the wild to the

domesticated state.

As this process of evolution progressed the animal became farther and

farther removed from its natural condition of living, becoming more

dependent on man for food and shelter, and with this change the animal's

former vitality and power to resist disease decreased markedly.

With the advancement of agriculture, and their resultant prosperity, the

farmers and settlers improved their stock by importing blooded or

registered males and females, particularly the former, until today our

country is second to none in the number of good conformated draft and

speed horses; beef and dairy cattle; quick-maturing hogs; large wool and

mutton-producing sheep, etc. Poultry has likewise been improved for both

egg-laying and meat-producing qualities. The poultry industry is yet in

its infancy, and offers large inducements to the practical raiser. Our

importation of eggs is enormous.

The average stock raiser and poultryman has just begun to realize the

value of proper care and treatment of his stock, and how much

unnecessary loss can be prevented by the expenditure of a little time

and even less money if given at the proper time.

Animals and poultry are subject, just as humans, to many diseases but,

unfortunately, when they become ill are dependent on man to recognize

the symptoms of disease and diagnose. Therefore, it behooves all owners

of stock to know and practice the fundamental necessities of their

animals' health, not only for the welfare of themselves, but also as an

act of humanity to dumb animals.

INDEX

DISEASES OF HORSES

Abortion

Abscess

Acute cough

Anemia

Apthae

Ascaris megalcephala

Atrophy

Azoturia

Barrenness

Bleeding after castration

Blood poisoning

Bog spavin

Bone spavin

Bots

Bronchitis

Capped elbow

Capped hock

Capped knee

Cerebral meningitis

Choking

Chronic catarrh

Chronic cough

Coffin joint lameness

Cold

Colic, flatulent

Colic, spasmodic

Colic, wind

Colt constipation

Colt diarrhoea

Conjunctivitis

Constipation

Constipation in colts

Corns

Cough

Cracked heels

Curb

Dentistry

Diarrhoea

Diarrhoea in colts

Dislocation of the patella

Distemper

Dropsy of belly

Dropsy of legs

Dropsy of sheath

Dropsy of udder

Eczema

Emphysema of the lungs

Epizootic catarrh

Eye diseases

Failure to breed

Farcy

Filariae

Fistula of foot

Fistulous withers

Flatulent colic

Forage poisoning

Founder

Galls

Gastrophilis

Glanders

Grease heels

Haemopis

Heaves

Hernia, inguinal

Horse dentistry

Inflammation of the brain

Inflammation of the membrane of nictitans

Influenza

Inguinal hernia

Lampas

Laryngitis

Leeches

Lock jaw

Lung fever

Lymphangitis

Mange

Monday Morning disease

Mud fever

Nasal catarrh

Nasal gleet

Navel rupture

Navel string infection

Navicular disease

Nettle rash

Open joint

Oxyuris curvilis

Palesade worm

Petchial fever

Pharyngitis

Pink eye

Pin worm

Pleurisy

Pneumonia

Poll evil

Purpura haemorrhagica

Quittor

Red worm

Rheumatism

Ring bone

Round worm

Rupture, scrotal

Scabies

Scrotal rupture

Septicaemia

Shoe boil

Side bones

Sore throat

Spasmodic colic

Spavin, bog

Spavin, bone

Splints

Staggers

Stifle joint lameness

String halt

Strongulus armatus

Strongulus tetracanthus

Supernumerary teeth

Surfeit

Sweeny

Tapeworm

Teeth, supernumerary

Teeth, wolf

Tenia

Tetanus

Thoroughpin

Thread-like worm

Thrush

Umbilical hernia

Umbilical pyemia

Urtecaria

Wind colic

Wind galls

Wolf teeth

Worm, maw

Worm, palesade

Worm, pin

Worm, red

Worm, round

Worm, tape

Worm, thread

Worm, thread-like

Wounds

DISEASES OF CATTLE

Abdominal hernia

Abdominal rupture

Abnormal Calving

Abortion, contagious

Abortion, non-contagious

Abscesses

Absence of milk

Actinomycosis

Acute cough

Afterbirth retention

Amaurosis of the eye

Anthrax

Apoplexy, parturient

Ascities

Bacterial dysentery

Bag Inflammation

Barrenness

Big head

Black leg

Black quarter

Bleeding

Bloating

Blood poison

Blood suckers

Bloody flux

Bloody flux in calves

Bloody milk

Blue milk

Brain congestion

Bronchitis

Bronchitis verminous

Calf cholera

Calf scours

Calving

Casting the withers

Cataract of the eye

Catarrh

Chapped teats

Choking

Chronic cough

Chronic dysentery

Colic

Congestion of the brain

Congestion of the lungs

Congestion of the spinal cord

Congestion of the udder

Conjunctivitis

Contagious abortion

Cough

Cow pox

Cud chewing

Dehorning

Diarrhoea

Dropsy

Dysentery

Eczema

Epizootica eczema

Ergot poisoning

Ergotism

Eversion of the womb

Eye inflammation

Eyelid laceration

Failure to breed

Fluke, liver

Fluke, lung

Foot and mouth disease

Foot rot

Foul in foot

Founder

Garget

Grub

Hard milkers

Hematuria

Hemorrhage

Hernia, abdominal

Hollow horn

Indigestion

Infectious abortion

Infectious aphtha

Inflammation of the bag

Inflammation of the eye

Inflammation of the heart sack

Inflammation of the kidneys

Inflammation of the penis

Inflammation of the womb

Joint ill

Jones disease

Kidney inflammation

Laceration of the eyelid

Laminitis

Laryngitis

Leeches

Leucorrhea

Liver fluke

Loss of cud

Lumpy jaw

Lung congestion

Lung fever

Lung fluke

Mammitis, simple

Mange

Measly beef

Milk fever

Navel ill

Non-contagious abortion

Obstruction of the esophagus

Paralysis

Parturient apoplexy

Penis Inflammation

Pericarditis

Pharyngitis

Physiology of rumination

Pneumonia

Pyemia

Red Water

Retained afterbirth

Rheumatism

Ring worm

Round worm

Rupture, abdominal

Scabies

Scum over the eye

Septicaemia

Sore throat

Spinal cord congestion

Stringy milk

Suppression of milk

Tape worm

Teats chapped

Texas fever

Ticks

Tuberculosis

Twisted stomach worm

Udder congestion

Umbilical Pyemia

Umbilical Septicemia

Variola

Verminous bronchitis

Warts

Warbles

Whites

White scours in calves

Wolf in the tail

Womb inflammation

Wooden tongue

Worm, lung

Worm, round

Worm, stomach

Worm, tape

DISEASES OF SWINE

Abortion

Administration of medicine

Bag inflammation

Black tooth

Blood poisoning

Bronchitis

Castration

Catarrh

Choking

Cholera, hog

Cold in the head

Congestion, kidney

Diarrhoea in young pigs

Heat stroke

Hind quarter paralysis

Hog, administration of medicine

Hog cholera

Hog lice

Hog regulator and tonic

Indigestion

Inflammation, bag

Inflammation, lung

Inguinal rupture

Jaundice

Kidney congestion

Kidney worms

Lice on hogs

Lung fever

Lung inflammation

Lung worm

Mange

Nasal catarrh

Navel rupture

Nettle rash

Paralysis of the hind quarters

Pig diarrhoea

Pig scours

Piles

Pin worm

Pleurisy

Prolapse of the anus

Pyemia

Regulator and tonic

Rheumatism

Rickets

Round worm

Rupture, inguinal

Rupture, navel

Rupture, scrotal

Rupture, umbilical

Septicemia

Scours in pigs

Scrotal rupture

Sore feet

Sore mouth

Sows eating their young

Sun stroke

Thorn headed worm

Thumps

Tonic and regulator

Urticaria

Worm, kidney

Worm, lung

Worm, pin

Worm, round

Worm, thorn headed

Worm, whip

Yellows

DISEASES OF SHEEP AND GOATS

Abortion

Acute indigestion

Acute typanitis

Apoplexy, pulmonary

Black scours

Bloating

Bronchitis

Catarrh

Cold in the head

Congestion of the liver

Congestion of the lung

Congestion of the udder

Diarrhoea

Dysentery

Dyspepsia

Foot rot

Forage poisoning

Foul in foot

Garget

Gastritis, verminous

Gid

Grub in the head

Head grubs

Head maggot

Hoven

Indigestion

Indigestion, acute

Inflammation of the liver

Inflammation of the udder

Jaundice

Lamb disease

Liver congestion

Liver fluke

Liver inflammation

Louse fly

Lung congestion

Lung fever

Lung worm

Mange

Pneumonia

Poisoning, forage

Pulmonary apoplexy

Scab

Scours, black

Strongylosis

Sturdy

Tick

Typanitis, acute

Udder, congestion of

Udder, inflammation of

Verminous bronchitis

Verminous gastritis

Worm, lung

DISEASES OF POULTRY

Abortion

Abscesses of the feet.

Air sac mite

Apoplexy of the brain

Aptha

Ascites

Baldness

Beak and throat obstruction

Black head

Body lice

Body scabies

Brain apoplexy

Bronchitis

Bronchitis verminous

Bruises of the feet.

Bumblefoot

Catarrh

Catarrh of the crop

Chicken pox

Cholera of the fowl

Congestion of the liver

Constipation

Corns

Crop impaction

Diarrhoea

Diarrhoea, white

Difficult laying

Diphtheria

Diphtheritic roup

Double yolked eggs

Dropsy

Egg bound

Egg eating

Egg incomplete

Eggs with two yolks

Eggs without shells

Enteritis

Favus

Feather eating

Feather pulling

Feeding of young poultry

Fowl cholera

Gapes

Gastro intestinal catarrh

Gout

Head lice

Hemorrhage of the brain

How to feed young poultry

Impaction of the crop

Incomplete egg

Infectious entero hepatitis of turkeys

Inflammation of the crop

Inflammation of the mouth

Intestinal obstruction

Jaundice

Leg weakness

Lice, body

Lice, head

Liver congestion

Mange

Mite, red

Mouth inflammation

Obstruction of the beak and throat

Obstruction of the bile duct

Obstruction of the crop

Obstruction of the intestines

Obstruction of the oviduct

Paralysis of the crop

Paralysis of the legs

Pip

Pulmonary congestion

Red mite

Rheumatism

Roup, diphtheritic

Scabies of the body

Scabies of the legs

Scaly leg

Soft shelled eggs

Sore head

Sore mouth

Throat and beak obstruction

Thrush

Tuberculosis

Vent gleet

Verminous tracheo bronchitis

Warts

White diarrhoea

Worms

MISCELLANEOUS

Average Period of Gestation

Average Period of Incubation

Deposit or Investment Table

Drenching of Animals

Evolution of Stock

Hereditary Tendencies

Medicine in Capsules

Normal Purse Throbs

Normal Respiration

Normal Temperature

Prevention of Contagious Diseases

Six Per Cent Interest Table

Table of Valuable Drugs and their Doses

Veterinary Facts and Advice to Remember

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